الرومانية الكاثوليكية في إنجلترا وويلز

الكنيسة الكاثوليكية في إنجلترا وويلز (باللاتينية: Ecclesia Catholica in Anglia et Cambria) هي جزء من الكنيسة الكاثوليكية العالمية في ظل القيادة الروحية للبابا في روما ومجلس الأساقفة الإنجليزي. يعود حضور الكنيسة الكاثوليكية الإنجليزية إلى ما يقرب من ألف سنة من زمن أوغسطين كانتربري، وكانت الكنيسة الرسمية في البلاد حتى عام 1534، في عهد الملك هنري الثامن حيث تغير موقعها من خلال سلسلة من القوانين التشريعية بين عام 1533 وعام 1536.^[1] واستقلت الكنيسة عن الكرسي الرسولي لتصبح كنيسة إنجلترا، الكنيسة الوطنية في البلاد وليصبح هنري رئيسًا للكنيسة.^[2]^[3]^[4] تحت حكم ابن هنري، الملك إدوارد السادس، أصبحت كنيسة إنجلترا أكثر تأثرا بالحركة البروتستانتية الأوروبية.

أعيدت الكنيسة الإنجليزية تحت سلطة البابوية الكاملة في عام 1553، في بداية عهد ماري الأولى ملكة إنجلترا،^[5] وتم فرض الكاثوليكية على السكان. ومع ذلك، عندما جاءت إليزابيث الأولى ملكة إنجلترا إلى العرش في عام 1558، تم إعادة تأكيد استقلال كنيسة إنجلترا عن روما من خلال تسوية إليزابيث الدينية، والتي أعطت الشكل الذي يجب أن تتخذه الكنيسة الإنجليزية، بما في ذلك إعادة إنشاء كتاب الصلاة الخاص بهم، مما أدَّى إلى نشوب خلاف بين الكاثوليك والملكة.^[6] في عام 1570 دعا البابا بيوس الخامس الكاثوليك إلى التمرد ضد إليزابيث. وبدأ اضطهاد الكاثوليك منذ عام 1571، لكن استمرت الكنيسة الكاثوليكية في الحضور في إنجلترا، على الرغم من أنها كانت في بعض الأحيان عرضة لمختلف أشكال الاضطهاد. ومارس معظم أعضاء الكنيسة بإستثناء أولئك القاطنين في المناطق الكاثوليكية في الشمال، أو أنباء الطبقة الأرستقراطية إيمانهم بشكل سري ودعي الكاثوليك آنذاك باسم العصاة أو المتمردين. في عام 1766، اعترف البابا بأن النظام الملكي الإنجليزي مشروعًا، وأدى ذلك في نهاية المطاف إلى قانون الإعلان عن قانون رفع الحظر والقيود على الكاثوليكية عام 1829. وقد أعاد البابا بيوس التاسع إنشاء الأبرشيات الكاثوليكية في عام 1850.

وفي تعداد المملكة المتحدة لعام 2001 كان هناك 4.2 مليون كاثوليكي في إنكلترا وويلز، أي حوالي 8%. يذكر أنه على مدار مائة سنة، لم يمثل الكاثوليك سوى 4.8% من السكان. في عام 2009، وجد استطلاع إيبسوس موري أن 9.6% أو 5.2 مليون من الإنجليز والويلزيين من الكاثوليك.^[7] ويقطن أعداد كبيرة من السكان الكاثوليك في شمال غرب إنجلترا حيث واحد من كل خمسة هو كاثوليكي،^[8] نتيجة الهجرة على نطاق واسعة النطاق للإيرلنديين في القرن التاسع عشر،^[9]^[10] فضلا عن ارتفاع عدد من العائدين الإنجليز في لانكشاير. وتعد مدينة ليفربول «أكثر المدن الكاثوليكية» في إنجلترا، حيث يبلغ عدد سكانها الكاثوليك أكبر بكثير من أجزاء أخرى من إنجلترا.^[11]^[12]^[13] في عام 2016 امتلكت الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية حوالي 130 مدرسة كاثوليكية، ودرس في صفوفها حوالي 840,000 طالب من جميع الخلفيات الدينية والعرقية، منهم حوالي 26,000 طالب مُسلم.^[14]

مراجع

^ Dairmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Viking, 2003), 193-4. MacCulloch: "This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister, the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell...."
^ https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ The الموسوعة الكاثوليكية says this: "Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom, and 'Anglicanism,' as connoting a separate or independent religious system, was unknown. The name 'Ecclesia Anglicana,' or English Church, was of course employed, but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England, and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the 'Ecclesia Scotticana,' the Church in France, the 'Ecclesia Gallicana,' and the Church in Spain the 'Ecclesia Hispanica.' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself, and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome, is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records." نسخة محفوظة 04 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ مارتن إي. مارتي, "Protestantism", The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1987) Vol. 12, 26. Marty, a جامعة شيكاغو historian and Lutheran, says this: "Although it [the Church of England] has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices, the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation. In short, the Waldensians, the Czech groups, and the Anglicans alike were, and were seen to be, part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since.
^ T. S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 87. Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe: "Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated 'sensus communis' of Europe."
^ Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198
^ Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees. "Elizabeth's Religious Settlement, planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign, made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility. There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies.... This meant delay until April 1559, when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped-up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government's bills to pass the House of Lords." MacCulloch, p. 280.
^ "Numbers Game", The Tablet 31 October 2009, 16.
^ "The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory". Ipsos MORI. 23 مايو 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-16. There are considerable regional variations, of course, Catholics being most widespread in London, Scotland and particularly the North-West (where one in five is Catholic)
^ Cheney، David M. "Great Britain, Statistics by Diocese, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-20.
^ Kevin Phillips, The Cousins' Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 480–84. Phillips notes: "The subjugation [of the Irish] of the seventeenth century was almost complete.... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century [after the Treaty of Union], Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register. Catholics lost their right to vote, hold office, own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds, or live in towns without paying special fees... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands, an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries."
^ West، Ed. "Why does England not have sectarianism like Scotland and Northern Ireland? It's the demography, stupid". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-09-15.
^ Statistics by Diocese نسخة محفوظة 15 يناير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Roberts، Keith Daniel (2017). Liverpool Sectarianism: The Rise and Demise. Oxford University Press. ISBN:9781786940100. Liverpool is the most Catholic city in England because it [had] the greatest Irish settlement..
^ Muslim families sending children to Catholic schools؛ BBC نسخة محفوظة 16 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

انظر أيضاً

الرومانية الكاثوليكية في المملكة المتحدة

[1] Dairmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Viking, 2003), 193-4. MacCulloch: "This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister, the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell...."

[2] ttps://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ The الموسوعة الكاثوليكية says this: "Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom, and 'Anglicanism,' as connoting a separate or independent religious system, was unknown. The name 'Ecclesia Anglicana,' or English Church, was of course employed, but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England, and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the 'Ecclesia Scotticana,' the Church in France, the 'Ecclesia Gallicana,' and the Church in Spain the 'Ecclesia Hispanica.' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself, and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome, is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records." نسخة محفوظة 04 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[3] مارتن إي. مارتي, "Protestantism", The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1987) Vol. 12, 26. Marty, a جامعة شيكاغو historian and Lutheran, says this: "Although it [the Church of England] has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices, the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation. In short, the Waldensians, the Czech groups, and the Anglicans alike were, and were seen to be, part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since.

[4] T. S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 87. Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe: "Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated 'sensus communis' of Europe."

[5] Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198

[6] Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees. "Elizabeth's Religious Settlement, planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign, made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility. There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies.... This meant delay until April 1559, when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped-up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government's bills to pass the House of Lords." MacCulloch, p. 280.

[7] "Numbers Game", The Tablet 31 October 2009, 16.

[8] "The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory". Ipsos MORI. 23 مايو 2005. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-16. There are considerable regional variations, of course, Catholics being most widespread in London, Scotland and particularly the North-West (where one in five is Catholic)

[9] Cheney، David M. "Great Britain, Statistics by Diocese, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-07-20.

[10] Kevin Phillips, The Cousins' Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 480–84. Phillips notes: "The subjugation [of the Irish] of the seventeenth century was almost complete.... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century [after the Treaty of Union], Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register. Catholics lost their right to vote, hold office, own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds, or live in towns without paying special fees... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands, an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries."

[Sectarianism_in_England-11] West، Ed. "Why does England not have sectarianism like Scotland and Northern Ireland? It's the demography, stupid". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-04-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-09-15.

[12] Statistics by Diocese نسخة محفوظة 15 يناير 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Liverpool_Sectarianism:_The_Rise_and_Demise-13] Roberts، Keith Daniel (2017). Liverpool Sectarianism: The Rise and Demise. Oxford University Press. ISBN:9781786940100. Liverpool is the most Catholic city in England because it [had] the greatest Irish settlement..

[14] Muslim families sending children to Catholic schools؛ BBC نسخة محفوظة 16 ديسمبر 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

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