مستخدم:أيوب/مقالات/8

Site	Image	Location (state)	Year listed	UNESCO criteria	Description
Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal		West Bengal	1998	(cultural)	The terracotta temples date to the 17th century built by Malla rulers. They were built in brick and laterite stone. They have characteristic sloping roofs. The Jor Bangle temple, from 1655, is pictured.
Mattancherry Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala		Kerala	1998	(cultural)	The palace was built by the Portuguese for the local rulers around 1555. It is a two-storey building with several halls, and features a ceiling decorated with carvings in the coronation hall.
Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh		Madhya Pradesh	1998	(cultural)	This nomination comprises monuments dating from the 11th to the 16th centuries. They include rock-cut tombs and temples, mosques, palaces, and pavilions. The Jahaz Mahal palace is pictured.
Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh		Uttar Pradesh	1998	(cultural)	This nomination comprises two groups of monuments. The first group includes Buddhist temples, stupas (Dhamek Stupa pictured), and monasteries, as well as the remains of a pillar of Ashoka. They date from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. The second group is represented by the Chaukhandi Stupa, built in 1588.
Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab		Punjab	2004	iii, iv, vi (cultural)	Sri Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is the spiritual centre of Sikhism. The temple complex was rebuilt several times. The architectural layout of the complex reflects the spiritual concepts of the religion. The main temple building is richly decorated with floral patterns, either painted or as marble inlay.
River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam		Assam	2004	ii, iii, v, vi (cultural)	Majuli is a large river island in the Brahmaputra River. There are over 200 villages in the island, inhabited by people from various ethnic origins. A characteristic concept of the region are the satras, institutional centres for cultural activities that also serve as democratic mediators for dispute resolution.
Namdapha National Park		Arunachal Pradesh	2006	vii, ix, x (natural)	The national park covers an extensive wilderness area which is mostly covered in forests and sparsely explored. It is located in the Eastern Himalayas. The highest peak is Dapha Bum, at 4,571 متر (14,997 قدم).
Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch		Gujarat	2006	x (natural)	Little Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh with sparse vegetation, mostly with xerophytic species. It is home to the last wild population of the Indian wild ass (two specimens pictured). It is also an important nesting area for birds.
Neora Valley National Park		West Bengal	2009	vii, x (natural)	The area is covered by virgin forest and is a biodiversity hotspot. The valley spans from lowlands to altitudes around 3,200 متر (10,500 قدم), which results in a variety of habitats. It is home to several bird species and mammals, including the red panda and two species of pangolin.
Desert National Park		Rajasthan	2009	vii, viii, x (natural)	The national park covers a part of the Thar Desert. It is home to several endemic species, such as the Indian hairy-footed gerbil and the Rajasthan toad-headed lizard. It is also home to two endangered species of vultures. There are fossil beds in the park, dating to the Jurassic period.
Silk Road Sites in India		Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh	2010	ii, iii, vi (cultural)	This nomination comprises 12 sites connected to the ancient Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting China with the west. There were at least three corridors in India. In addition to the movement of goods, they were important in spreading of Buddhism and Greco-Buddhist culture. Sites in the nomination include the Roman trade port at Arikamedu, Vikramashila (Pictured) and the early Buddhist site of Vaishali (the Relic Stupa).
Santiniketan		West Bengal	2010	ii, iii, vi (cultural)	Santiniketan was founded as an ashram by Debendranath Tagore in the second half of the 19th century and then developed into a university town of Visva-Bharati University. It is connected to the life and philosophy of Debendranath's son Rabindranath Tagore, the leading figure of the Bengali Renaissance. The prayer hall is pictured.
The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar		Telangana	2010	i, ii, iii, iv (cultural)	This nomination comprises the monuments of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, a sultanate that ruled in the 16th and 17th century, in Hyderabad and its surroundings. The Golconda Fort is a citadel and early capital, Qutb Shahi tombs (two pictured) are mosques and burial places of the sultans, and Charminar, built in 1591, is a monumental gateway with four minarets. These sites illustrate the cosmopolitan nature of the region in that period.
Mughal Gardens in Kashmir		Jammu and Kashmir	2010	i, ii, iv (cultural)	Mughal gardens are gardens built by the Mughals. This style was influenced by the Persian gardens, particularly by the Charbagh layout, with terraces and fountains arranged around a central water channel, reflecting the Islamic concept of paradise. Six gardens are listed in the nomination, Chashme Shahi, Shalimar Bagh (pavilion pictured), Pari Mahal, Verinag, Achabal Gardens, and Nishat Bagh.
Delhi - A Heritage City		Delhi	2012	ii, v, vi (cultural)	Delhi, as Lal Kot, was founded in 1060 as a capital of the Tomara dynasty. Later rulers built subsequent cities on the site, Delhi was the capital of the Delhi Sultanate and an intermittent capital of the Mughal Empire. During the British rule, the capital was moved from Calcutta to the newly constructed New Delhi in 1911. The nomination lists the following areas of historical and architectural importance: Mehrauli, Nizamuddin Dargah (the tomb of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya), Shahjahanabad (Pictured), and New Delhi.
Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate		Karnataka, Telangana	2014	ii, iii (cultural)	This nomination comprises the monuments of Deccan sultanates, dating between the 14th and 17th centuries, in four cities: Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, and Hyderabad. The architecture of the Deccan sultanates represents interactions between Islamic and Hindu influences. Some of the monuments in the nomination include the Bidar Fort (pictured), Jama Mosque in Gulbarga, and the Qutb Shahi tombs.
Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands		Andaman and Nicobar Islands	2014	iv, vi (cultural)	The jail was constructed in 1906 by the British, primarily to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago. The architecture was based on the panopticon system, with radiating wings that were easy to monitor by a single guard. Jail cells were intended for individuals for confinement. The jail was infamous for brutal treatment of inmates and is important in the history of the Indian independence movement.
Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India		Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Assam	2014	iii, v (cultural)	Sari, or saree, is a traditional attire of Indian women. Sari weaving required particular adjustments of the weavers' houses to accommodate looms and other devices for silk processing, resulting in a specific vernacular architecture. This nomination comprises eight clusters where sari weaving was and still is a major profession of the villagers. Different styles of saris are pictured.
Apatani Cultural Landscape		Arunachal Pradesh	2014	iii, v (cultural)	Apatani people live in the Ziro Valley that is surrounded by high mountains of the Himalayas. They have a distinct culture from other tribes in the region with traditional crafts and festivals. They practice wet rice cultivation and are careful in land management, which allowed sustainable agriculture for several centuries. The resulting cultural landscape reflects the ability of the tribe to make the adverse environment habitable.
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam		Tamil Nadu	2014	i, ii, iii, v (cultural)	The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is dedicated to Ranganatha. It is the world's largest operating Hindu temple and is in fact a temple town, with inner enclosures constituting the temple and outer ones being used for settlements. There have been temples at the site for over two millennia, however, the key buildings standing today date to the time of the Vijayanagara Empire, from the 14th to the 16th century. The temple has 21 gopurams which are richly decorated with paintings and sculptures.
Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town		Karnataka	2014	i, ii, iii, iv (cultural)	Srirangapatna, the river island in the Kaveri river, is an important pilgrimage site in South India. It has been continuously inhabited since the 12th century. The monuments in the island date to different historical periods, including the periods of the Hoysala Empire, Vijayanagara Empire, Kingdom of Mysore, and the British Raj. Most of the monuments date from the 16th to the 19th centuries and have elements of Hindu, Indo-Islamic, and British styles. The Gumbaz mausoleum is pictured.
Chilika Lake		Odisha	2014	ix, x (natural)	Chilika Lake is a large brackish water lagoon, fed by over 50 rivers and streams. It is and ephemeral formation, with the river sediments being deposited to the Bay of Bengal. Different parts of the lake are freshwater, brackish, and marine ecosystems, and are an important habitat for birds and mammals, including the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin. The lake is rich in fish species that support the local fishermen population.
Padmanabhapuram Palace		Tamil Nadu	2014	iii, iv (cultural)	The palace in Padmanabhapuram was constructed in the 16th century, with later additions continuing into the early 19th century, to serve as the seat of the Travancore royal family. It is a masterpiece of traditional timber architecture and is decorated with murals and carvings. Murals depict both the themes from Hindu mythology and secular themes.
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala		Karnataka	2014	ii, iii, vi (cultural)	This nomination comprises two clusters of monuments (in Belur and Halebidu) dating to the time of the Hoysala Empire, between the 11th and 14th centuries. Hoysala architecture combined the elements of the Dravidian architecture with influences from northern India. The temples were built by the followers of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Jainism, and they are richly decorated with stone sculptures and carvings. The Chennakeshava Temple in Belur (pictured) is still an important pilgrimage site.
Sites of Saytagrah, India's non-violent freedom movement		several sites	2014	iv, vi (cultural)	Satyagraha, a form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance, was developed by Mahatma Gandhi in the first half of the 20th century, as a part of the Indian independence movement. The nomination comprises 22 sites across India related to the movement. Several sites are ashrams (Sabarmati Ashram pictured), founded by Gandhi to teach his philosophy. Other sites are related to the independence movement. Satyagraha theory was influential in the Civil rights movement in the United States and in the fight against apartheid in South Africa.
Thembang Fortified Village		Arunachal Pradesh	2014	ii, iii, v (cultural)	The village of Thembang is located in the Eastern Himalayas at an altitude above 2,000 متر (6,600 قدم). It is built as a dzong, a type of fortified monastery also found in the neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet. It is inhabited by the Monpas and was constructed before the 12th century.
Narcondam Island		Andaman and Nicobar Islands	2014	viii, ix, x (natural)	Narcondam Island is a volcanic island off the main chain of the Andaman Islands. It is composed mostly of andesite, dacite, and amphibole, types of volcanic rocks and minerals. The island is important in view of evolution of species on isolated islands. It is the only place where the endangered Narcondam hornbill (pictured) is found, and it is also home to several endemic species of the Andaman Islands.
Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty		Assam	2014	v (cultural)	This nomination comprises the tumuli in the town of Charaideo and its surroundings. The town was the capital of the Ahom kingdom (1228–1826), and the tumuli are the burial sites of the royals and of nobility. The tumuli create an undulating landscape, reminiscent of hills, in line with the spiritual beliefs of the Tai-Ahom people.
Ekamra Kshetra – The Temple City, Bhubaneswar		Odisha	2014	i, ii, iii (cultural)	Ekamra Kshetra is the name for the old part of the city of Bhubaneswar. It is a holy city and has earned the nickname of "Temple City" due to about 700 temples that once stood here. The temples were built between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. They are built in the Kalinga style, and belong to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religions. The Lingaraja Temple is pictured. In addition to the temples, there are also Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves built by Jain worshipers.
The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom		Jammu and Kashmir	2014	ii, iii, v (cultural)	The archaeological site at Burzahom has provided information about different stages of societal development from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE. People initially lived in pit-houses and later built houses of mud and brick. There are also remains of megalithic structures. Material remains at the site hint at the interactions with other cultures in the region. A painted pot from 2700 BCE is pictured.
Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal		Gujarat	2014	v (cultural)	Lothal is the only explored port-town of the Indus Valley civilisation, or Harappan Civilization, from the Bronze Age. It was occupied from around 2400 BCE to 1600 BCE, when it was likely damaged by tidal flooding. The fortified consisted of a citadel with wide streets and a warehouse, and a port area along the river. Remains found at the site demonstrate trade links with the Persian Gulf region. The remains of drainage channels are pictured.
Mountain Railways of India (Extension)		Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh	2014	ii, iv (cultural)	This is a proposed extension of the existing World Heritage Site. It includes the Matheran Hill Railway (pictured) and the Kangra Valley Railway. They were built in the early 20th century, construction involved technical innovation to overcome difficult mountainous terrain.
Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants		Tamil Nadu	2014	ii, v, vi (cultural)	This nomination comprises 11 villages in three clusters. They were built by wealthy merchants in second half of 19th and early 20th century. The villages mix urban and rural influences, both Tamil and those from a broader region, as a results of travels of the merchants in Southeast Asia. Thousands of palatial houses were built using local and imported materials. The most recent ones, built in the 1930s and 1940s, are in the Art Deco style. An example of a palatial house is pictured.
Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi		Delhi	2014	i, v, vi (cultural)	The Lotus Temple is the main Baháʼí House of Worship in India. It was inaugurated in 1986. It has a shape of a lotus flower, with petals made of concrete and covered by marble.
Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal		Karnataka	2015	iii, iv (cultural)	This nomination comprises several temples in Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, that were built between the 6th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty. They demonstrate the evolution of Hindu temple architecture with rock-cut and free-standing temples and were influential in temples from later periods. The temples at Pattadakal are already listed as a World Heritage Site. The Durga Temple in Aihole is pictured.
Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India		Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh	2015	iii, v, vi, x (mixed)	The landscapes in the Himalayas are characterized by high altitudes, between 3,000 متر (9,800 قدم) and 5,000 متر (16,000 قدم), with harsh dry weather and temperatures ranging from above 30 °م (86 °ف) in summer to below −30 °م (−22 °ف) in winter. Two areas are inhabited, the Ladakh and the Spiti Valley. The culture is a mixture of Indian and Tibetan cultures. Several settlements are linked to Buddhist monasteries (Key Monastery pictured). From the natural perspective, the area is home to endangered species such as the snow leopard, Tibetan antelope, and the Himalayan wolf.
Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road		several sites	2015	ii, iv, vi (cultural)	The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia's oldest and longest roads. It connects Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The road has been used at least since the times of the Maurya Empire in the 4th century BCE, has been reconstructed several times in different periods, and has been upgraded to modern traffic in the 20th century. In addition to trade, the road has been instrumential in the spread of ideas, religions, and culture. Several historical sites have been preserved along the road. The Kos Minar, a milestone, in Ambala is pictured.
Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area		Manipur	2016	v, vii, ix, x (mixed)	Loktak Lake is a large freshwater lake that features a unique type of ecosystem called phumdi, floating islands consisting of soil and vegetation. The area is a mixture of aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial habitats, and is home to sangai, an endangered deer species. There are several villages on the shores of the lake, as well some settlements on the phumdis.
Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA)		Meghalaya	2018	v, vi, viii, x (mixed)	Garo Hills are inhabited by the Garo people (a couple pictured), a tribe that speak a language from the Tibeto-Burman family. They practice slash-and-burn agriculture that is regulated by community rules to ensure sustainable land use. The area is interesting from geological perspective, with the terrain being shaped by the India–Asia collision system. It is also home to several animal and plant species.
The historic ensemble of Orchha		Madhya Pradesh	2019	ii, iv (cultural)	The town of Orchha was founded in the 16th century by the Bundela clan to serve as their capital. In the following century, it came under the Mughal influence. The architecture of the Fort complex, palaces, temples, and gardens, represent a mixture of styles from Rajput and Mughal architecture. The Jahangir Mahal is pictured.
Iconic Riverfront of the Historic City of Varanasi		Uttar Pradesh	2021	iii, iv, vi (cultural)	Varanasi is a holy city of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. More than 80 ghats (steps to the river bank) are located along the Ganges, the holy river, and serve as a place for rituals and festivals. Varanasi has been continuously inhabited since at least 1200 BCE, while the earliest stone ghats date to the 14th century. Palatial buildings, temples, ashrams, and rest houses for pilgrims date to the 18th and later centuries. The Ahilya Ghat is pictured.
Temples of Kanchipuram		Tamil Nadu	2021	iv, vi (cultural)	Kanchipuram was the capital of the Pallava dynasty from the 6th to 9th century. It is a holy Hindu city which used to have hundreds of temples. The architecture marks the shift from rock-cut temples to free-standing structures. Eleven temples are listed in the nomination. The Ekambareswarar Temple is pictured.
Hire Benakal, Megalithic Site		Karnataka	2021	iii, iv (cultural)	Hire Benakal is the largest megalithic site in India. The dolmens and rock paintings date to the 1st millennium BCE, to the Iron Age, and provide information about the culture that constructed India's first large-scale monuments.
Bhedaghat-Lametaghat in Narmada Valley		Madhya Pradesh	2021	vii, viii (natural)	At Bhedaghat, Narmada River has carved a canyon through a mountain of white marble (pictured), creating a landscape that is both popular with tourists for its perceived beauty and of special interest for geologists. The Lameta Formation contains several fossils, including those of dinosaurs and crocodilians.
Satpura Tiger Reserve		Madhya Pradesh	2021	vii, ix, x (natural)	The forests in the Satpura Range hills are protected as a habitat of a large population of tiger. The area acts as a faunal bridge between the Western Ghats and the Himalayas and is also home to several endangered plant species.
Serial Nomination of Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra		Maharashtra	2021	ii, iii, iv (cultural)	This nomination comprises 14 forts in Maharashtra. They are typically constructed of basalt rocks, typically on the hills, and were used for defensive purposes in different historic periods. The forts are connected to the Marathi ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji who commissioned several of them in the 17th century. The Raigad Fort is pictured.
Geoglyphs of Konkan Region of India		Maharashtra, Goa	2022	i, iii, iv (cultural)	This nomination comprises ten sites with geoglyphs in the Konkan coast. They date from the Mesolithic period about 10 millennia BCE to the second millennium BCE. They depict animals, human figures, and abstract art, and are related to the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled ones.
Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes		Meghalaya	2022	i, iii, vi (cultural)	A living root bridge is a type of simple suspension bridge formed of living plant roots by tree shaping. They are handmade from the aerial roots of rubber fig trees (Ficus elastica) over several generations and are common in the communities of the Khasi people. The bridges reflect a harmonious relationship between people and nature. An example of such bridge in the Nongriat village is pictured.
Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi (The Vijayanagara Sculpture and Painting Art Tradition)		Andhra Pradesh	2022	i, ii, vi (cultural)	The Hindu temple is located in the Lepakshi village. The construction of the temple started around 1100, while the major development took place during the period of the Vijayanagara Empire, from 1350 to 1600, when a large complex was built. The temple contains important examples of Vijayanagara art, including the only surviving frescoes from that period. A large monolithic bull (Nandi) is located on the temple grounds.
Sun Temple, Modhera and its adjoining monuments		Gujarat	2022	i, iv (cultural)	The Maru-Gurjara architecture temple complex has three components: Gūḍhamanḍapa, the shrine hall; Sabhamanḍapa, the assembly hall and Kunḍa, the reservoir.
Vadnagar – A multi-layered Historic town, Gujarat		Gujarat	2022	ii, v (cultural)	The town has continuous occupation since 750 BCE with monuments built throughout the history.
Rock-cut Sculptures and Reliefs of the Unakoti, Unakoti Range, Unakoti District		Tripura	2022	i, iv (cultural)	Unakoti has colossal rock cut panels and bas relief sculptures depicting Hindu deities which dates from 8th-9th centuries CE.