قائمة الزمر الذئبية في الحرب العالمية الثانية

زمرة ذئبية ((بالألمانية: U-Boot-Gruppe))‏ كانوا يعملون في بحرية ألمانيا النازية الصورة كريغسمرينه خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية ضد سفن الحلفاء التجارية.

اندلاع الحرب

منذ اندلاع الحرب حتى منتصف عام 1940، كانت هناك مجموعات مختلفة من غواصات يو تشارك في دوريات جماعية. باستثناء زمرة هارتمان التجريبية في عام 1939، قاد غونتر براين أول زمرة ذئبية في يونيو 1940.

غزو النرويج والدنمارك

استعدادًا للغزو الوشيك للنرويج والدنمارك، في أوائل أبريل عام 1940، كان 31 غواصة جاهزة للعمل بين إنجلترا والنرويج. في 6 أبريل، تم إرسال كلمة المرور «Hartmut» وبدأت الغواصات الألمانية عملياتها المحددة.

الزمر الذئبية

Name	From	To	Boats	Ships Sunk	Ships Damaged	Boats Lost	Notes
هارتمان وولفباك	Oct 1939	Apr 1940	6	7	0	3	Convoy KJF 3 Convoy HG 3
Prien	12 Jun 1940	17 Jun 1940	7	5	0	0	Convoy HX 47
روسولف وولفباك	12 Jun 1940	15 Jun 1940	5	4	0	0	Convoy SL 34
West	8 May 1941	20 Jun 1941	23	33	4	1	Convoy OB 317 Convoy OB 318 Convoy SC 30 Convoy HX 126 Convoy HX 128 Convoy OB 322 Convoy OB 327 Convoy OB 328 Convoy OB 329 Convoy OB 330
Kurfürst	16 Jun 1941	20 Jun 1941	5	1	0	0	Convoy SL 76
Süd	22 Jul 1941	5 Aug 1941	4	0	0	0
Hammer	5 Aug 1941	12 Aug 1941	3	0	0	0
Grönland	10 Aug 1941	27 Aug 1941	21	3	1	0	Convoy ON 4
Kurfürst II	23 Aug 1941	2 Sep 1941	7	0	0	0
Markgraf	27 Aug 1941	16 Sep 1941	15	17	4	2	Convoy SC 41 Convoy SC 42
Bosemüller	28 Aug 1941	2 Sep 1941	8	1	0	0	Convoy OS 4
Seewolf	2 Sep 1941	15 Sep 1941	17	5	0	0	Convoy ON 14
Brandenburg	15 Sep 1941	2 Oct 1941	11	11	0	0	Convoy ON 14 Convoy SC 42 Convoy SC 44 Convoy ON 16
Goeben	16 Sep 1941	5 Oct 1941	6	0	0	0
Breslau	2 Oct 1941	29 Oct 1941	6	9	1	1	Convoy OG 75 Convoy HG 75
Mordbrenner	16 Oct 1941	3 Nov 1941	4	2	0	0	Convoy ON 27
Schlagetot	20 Oct 1941	1 Nov 1941	9	2	1	0	Convoy SL 89
Reissewolf	21 Oct 1941	31 Oct 1941	7	1	0	0	Convoy HG 75
Stosstrupp	30 Oct 1941	4 Nov 1941	6	2	0	0	Convoy OS 10 Convoy HX 156
Raubritter	1 Nov 1941	17 Nov 1941	14	4	0	0	Convoy SC 52
Arnauld	5 Nov 1941	18 Nov 1941	4	1	0	1	أتش أم أس Ark Royal sunk
Störtebecker	5 Nov 1941	2 Dec 1941	19	0	0	0
Steuben	14 Nov 1941	2 Dec 1941	6	3	0	0	Convoy OS 12
Benecke	19 Nov 1941	2 Dec 1941	4	0	0	0
Gödecke	19 Nov 1941	26 Nov 1941	4	0	0	0
Letzte Ritter	25 Nov 1941	4 Dec 1941	3	0	0	0
Seeräuber	14 Dec 1941	23 Dec 1941	8	3	0	4	Convoy HG 76
Ulan	25 Dec 1941	19 Jan 1942	3	4	1	0	Convoy PQ 7A Convoy PQ 8
Seydlitz	27 Dec 1941	16 Jan 1942	7	0	0	1
Zieten	6 Jan 1942	22 Jan 1942	12	11	3	0	Convoy SC 62 Convoy ON 52 Convoy SC 63 Convoy ON 53
Robbe	15 Jan 1942	24 Jan 1942	4	1	0	0	Convoy SC 63
Schlei	16 Jan 1942	12 Feb 1942	7	3	0	0	Convoy ON 63 Convoy SC 67
Hecht	27 Jan 1942	4 Feb 1942	3	0	0	0
Umbau	4 Feb 1942	16 Feb 1942	4	0	0	0
Westwall	2 Mar 1942	12 Mar 1942	8	5	0	0
(No Name)	7 Mar 1942	11 Mar 1942	4	0	0	0
Umhang	10 Mar 1942	16 Mar 1942	3	0	0	0
بلوخر زمرة ذئبية	11 Mar 1942	18 Mar 1942	3	0	0	0
Wrangel	11 Mar 1942	18 Mar 1942	2	0	0	0
York	12 Mar 1942	26 Mar 1942	4	0	0	0
Zieten II	23 Mar 1942	29 Mar 1942	4	0	0	1
Eiswolf	28 Mar 1942	31 Mar 1942	8	2	1	1
Naseweis	31 Mar 1942	10 Apr 1942	3	0	0	0
Bums	6 Apr 1942	14 Apr 1942	6	0	0	0
Robbenschlag	7 Apr 1942	14 Apr 1942	8	3	0	0	Convoy QP 10
Blutrausch	15 Apr 1942	19 Apr 1942	10	1	0	0	Convoy PQ 14
Strauchritter	29 Apr 1942	5 May 1942	9	1	2	0	Convoy QP 11 Convoy PQ 15
Hecht II	8 May 1942	18 Jun 1942	9	14	1	0	Convoy ON 92 Convoy ONS 100 Convoy ONS 102
Greif	14 May 1942	29 May 1942	6	1	0	0	Convoy PQ 16
Pfadfinder	21 May 1942	27 May 1942	8	2	0	0
Endraß	12 Jun 1942	17 Jun 1942	9	5	0	0	Convoy HG 84
Eisteufel	21 Jun 1942	12 Jul 1942	11	13	0	0	قافلة بي كيو 17
Hai	3 Jul 1942	21 Jul 1942	6	9	1	1	Convoy OS 33
Wolf	13 Jul 1942	1 Aug 1942	11	2	2	1	Convoy ON 113
Nebelkönig	27 Jul 1942	14 Aug 1942	10	0	0	0
Pirat	29 Jul 1942	3 Aug 1942	13	1	2	1	Convoy ON 115
Steinbrinck	3 Aug 1942	11 Aug 1942	14	11	3	2	Convoy ON 115 Convoy SC 94
Lohs	11 Aug 1942	22 Sep 1942	19	8	0	0	Convoy SC 95 Convoy ON 122 Convoy SC 100
بلوخر زمرة ذئبية	14 Aug 1942	28 Aug 1942	8	6	1	0	Convoy SL 118
Eisbär	25 Aug 1942	1 Sep 1942	5	1	0	0	Convoy SL 119
Vorwärts	25 Aug 1942	26 Sep 1942	18	15	9	1	Convoy SC 97 Convoy ON 127 Convoy RB 1
Stier	29 Aug 1942	2 Sep 1942	6	0	0	0
Iltis	6 Sep 1942	23 Sep 1942	7	0	0	0
Pfeil	12 Sep 1942	22 Sep 1942	11	0	0	0
Trägertod	12 Sep 1942	22 Sep 1942	10	4	1	3	Convoy PQ 18 Convoy QP 14
Blitz	22 Sep 1942	26 Sep 1942	19	7	0	0	Convoy SC 100 Convoy ON 131 Convoy RB 1
Tiger	26 Sep 1942	30 Sep 1942	17	0	0	0
Luchs	27 Sep 1942	6 Oct 1942	19	2	0	2	Convoy SC 101
Letze Ritter II	29 Sep 1942	1 Oct 1942	4	0	0	0
Tümmler	1 Oct 1942	11 Oct 1942	6	0	0	0
Wotan	5 Oct 1942	19 Oct 1942	11	21	0	1	Convoy ONS 136 Convoy SC 104 Convoy ON 137
Panther	6 Oct 1942	20 Oct 1942	34	3	0	1	Convoy SC 103 Convoy ONS 136 Convoy ON 137
Leopard	12 Oct 1942	19 Oct 1942	8	0	0	2
Puma	16 Oct 1942	29 Oct 1942	13	13	3	0	Convoy ON 139 Convoy ONS 136 Convoy HX 212
Streitaxt	20 Oct 1942	2 Nov 1942	10	12	7	0	Convoy SL 125
Veilchen	20 Oct 1942	7 Nov 1942	13	8	2	1	Convoy SC 107
Südwärts	24 Oct 1942	26 Oct 1942	6	0	0	0
Natter	30 Oct 1942	8 Nov 1942	15	2	0	0	Convoy ON 142
Delphin	4 Nov 1942	14 Nov 1942	9	1	0	1	عملية الشعلة
Kreuzotter	8 Nov 1942	24 Nov 1942	13	7	1	1	Convoy ON 144
Westwall II	8 Nov 1942	16 Dec 1942	20	11	3	1	عملية الشعلة Convoy MKF 1X Convoy MKF 1Y Convoy MKS-1X Convoy KMS 3 Convoy ON 149
Schlagetot II	9 Nov 1942	21 Nov 1942	10	4	3	2	Convoy UGF 1
Wal	10 Nov 1942	15 Nov 1942	8	3	1	2	عملية الشعلة
Boreas	19 Nov 1942	9 Dec 1942	10	2	0	0	Convoy QP 15
Drachen	22 Nov 1942	3 Dec 1942	5	2	0	0	Convoy SC 110 Convoy HX 216
Panzer	23 Nov 1942	11 Dec 1942	11	1	0	2	Convoy HX 217
Draufgänger	29 Nov 1942	11 Dec 1942	10	3	0	0	Convoy MKF 3 Convoy HX 217
Büffel	9 Dec 1942	15 Dec 1942	3	0	0	0
Raufbold	11 Dec 1942	22 Dec 1942	14	4	1	0	Convoy ON 153
Ungestüm	11 Dec 1942	30 Dec 1942	13	9	1	0	Convoy ON 152 Convoy ON 154
Spitz	22 Dec 1942	31 Dec 1942	11	8	9	1	Convoy ON 154
Delphin II	26 Dec 1942	14 Feb 1943	17	10	1	2	Convoy TM 1 Convoy UGS 4
Falke	28 Dec 1942	19 Jan 1943	23	6	0	0	Convoy ONS 156
Habicht	10 Jan 1943	19 Jan 1943	10	1	0	0	Convoy SC 115
Habicht	10 Jan 1943	19 Jan 1943	10	1	0	0	Convoy SC 115
Jaguar	10 Jan 1943	31 Jan 1943	8	2	0	0	Convoy SC 117 Convoy HX 223
Haugegen	19 Jan 1943	15 Feb 1943	26	2	1	1	Convoy SC 117 Convoy HX 223 Convoy ON 165
Landsknecht	19 Jan 1943	28 Jan 1943	21	0	0	1
Nordwind	24 Jan 1943	4 Feb 1943	7	3	0	0	Convoy RA 52
Rochen	27 Jan 1943	1 Mar 1943	13	5	3	0	Convoy Gibr-2 Convoy UC 1 Convoy ON 165
Pfeil II	1 Feb 1943	9 Feb 1943	13	11	1	2	Convoy SC 118
Nordsturm	2 Feb 1943	9 Feb 1943	5	1	0	0	Convoy SG 19
Hartherz	3 Feb 1943	7 Feb 1943	10	0	0	0
Ritter	11 Feb 1943	26 Feb 1943	13	5	4	1	Convoy ON 166
Taifun	15 Feb 1943	20 Feb 1943	5	1	0	0	Convoy ONS 165
Robbe	16 Feb 1943	13 Mar 1943	8	6	2	0	Convoy UC 1 Convoy KMS-10 Convoy OS 44
Neptun	18 Feb 1943	3 Mar 1943	11	3	0	0	Convoy HX 227
Knappen	19 Feb 1943	25 Feb 1943	4	2	2	0	Convoy ON 166
Sturmbock	21 Feb 1943	26 Feb 1943	9	2	0	0	Convoy ONS 167
Burggraf	24 Feb 1943	5 Mar 1943	18	0	0	0
Wildfang	26 Feb 1943	5 Mar 1943	10	0	0	0
Tümmler II	1 Mar 1943	22 Mar 1943	6	2	0	0	Convoy UGS 6
Neuland	4 Mar 1943	13 Mar 1943	22	5	2	1	Convoy HX 228
Ostmark	6 Mar 1943	11 Mar 1943	11	5	1	1	Convoy SC 121
Westmark	6 Mar 1943	11 Mar 1943	17	10	0	1	Convoy SC 121 Convoy HX 228
Raubgraf	7 Mar 1943	20 Mar 1943	13	11	3	0	Convoy ON 168 Convoy HX 229
Stürmer	11 Mar 1943	20 Mar 1943	19	10	3	1	Convoy SC 122 Convoy HX 229
Unverzagt	12 Mar 1943	22 Mar 1943	6	2	1	1	Convoy UGS 6
Wohlgemut	12 Mar 1943	22 Mar 1943	5	1	0	1	Convoy UGS 6
Dränger	14 Mar 1943	20 Mar 1943	11	3	0	0	Convoy HX 229 Convoy SC 122
Seeteufel	21 Mar 1943	30 Mar 1943	17	1	0	0	Convoy HX 230
Seewolf II	21 Mar 1943	30 Mar 1943	19	0	0	0
Seeräuber	25 Mar 1943	30 Mar 1943	7	3	0	0	Convoy RS-3
Eisbär	27 Mar 1943	15 Apr 1943	12	0	0	1
(No name)	27 Mar 1943	30 Mar 1943	5	4	1	0	Convoy SL 126
Löwenherz	1 Apr 1943	10 Apr 1943	14	4	3	2	Convoy HX 231
Taifun II	2 Apr 1943	4 Apr 1943	4	0	0	0
Adler	7 Apr 1943	13 Apr 1943	16	4	0	0	Convoy HX 232 Convoy ON 176 Convoy ONS 2
Lerche	10 Apr 1943	16 Apr 1943	10	3	1	0	Convoy HX 232
Meise	11 Apr 1943	27 Apr 1943	34	5	2	2	Convoy HX 234 Convoy ONS 3 Convoy ON 178
(No Name)	15 Apr 1943	18 Apr 1943	8	1	1	1	Convoy HX 233
Specht	19 Apr 1943	4 May 1943	24	1	0	1	Convoy ONS 5
Amsel	22 Apr 1943	3 May 1943	16	0	0	0
Star	27 Apr 1943	4 May 1943	16	1	0	0	Convoy ONS 5
Drossel	29 Apr 1943	15 May 1943	13	4	0	7	Convoy SL 128 Convoy HX 237
Amsel 1	3 May 1943	6 May 1943	6	1	0	1	Convoy ONS 5
Amsel 2	3 May 1943	6 May 1943	6	3	0	0	Convoy ONS 5
Amsel 3	3 May 1943	6 May 1943	6	0	0	0
Amsel 4	3 May 1943	6 May 1943	6	0	0	0
Fink	4 May 1943	6 May 1943	28	8	0	5	Convoy ONS 5
(No Name)	5 May 1943	10 May 1943	9	0	0	0
Elbe	7 May 1943	10 May 1943	16	0	0	0
Rhein	7 May 1943	10 May 1943	12	0	0	0
Elbe 1	10 May 1943	14 May 1943	13	0	0	0
Elbe 2	10 May 1943	14 May 1943	13	2	0	1	Convoy SC 129
Isar	10 May 1943	15 May 1943	4	0	0	0
Lech	10 May 1943	15 May 1943	3	0	0	0
Inn	11 May 1943	15 May 1943	4	0	0	0
Iller	12 May 1943	15 May 1943	6	0	0	1	Convoy SC 130
Naab	12 May 1943	15 May 1943	7	0	0	0
Donau 1	15 May 1943	26 May 1943	12	1	0	3	Convoy ONS 7 Convoy SC 130
Donau 2	15 May 1943	26 May 1943	11	0	0	1	Convoy SC 130
Oder	17 May 1943	19 May 1943	9	0	0	0
Mosel	19 May 1943	24 May 1943	21	0	0	2
Trutz	1 Jun 1943	16 Jun 1943	18	0	0	1
Trutz 1	16 Jun 1943	29 Jun 1943	4	0	0	0
Trutz 2	16 Jun 1943	29 Jun 1943	8	0	0	0
Trutz 3	16 Jun 1943	29 Jun 1943	4	0	0	0
Geier 1	30 Jun 1943	15 Jul 1943	4	0	0	0
Geier 2	30 Jun 1943	15 Jul 1943	4	0	0	2
Geier 3	30 Jun 1943	15 Jul 1943	3	0	0	1
(No Name)	11 Jul 1943	29 Jul 1943	6	0	0	0
Wiking	1 Aug 1943	8 Oct 1943	7	4	1	0	Convoy VA-18
مجموعة منسون	30 Aug 1943	23 Nov 1943	9	0	0	0
Leuthen	15 Sep 1943	24 Sep 1943	21	10	2	2	Convoy ON 202
Rossbach	24 Sep 1943	9 Oct 1943	26	2	0	6	Convoy SC 143
Schlieffen	14 Oct 1943	22 Oct 1943	18	0	0	5
Eisenbart	22 Oct 1943	5 Jan 1944	12	0	0	0	Convoy RA 55A Convoy RA 55B
Siegfried	22 Oct 1943	27 Oct 1943	23	0	0	0
Schill	25 Oct 1943	16 Nov 1943	10	1	0	2	Convoy SL 138
Siegfried 1	27 Oct 1943	30 Oct 1943	6	0	0	0
Siegfried 2	27 Oct 1943	30 Oct 1943	8	0	0	0
Siegfried 3	27 Oct 1943	30 Oct 1943	6	0	0	0
Jahn	30 Oct 1943	2 Nov 1943	12	0	0	0
Körner	30 Oct 1943	2 Nov 1943	11	0	0	0
Tirpitz 1	2 Nov 1943	8 Nov 1943	4	0	0	0
Tirpitz 2	2 Nov 1943	8 Nov 1943	5	0	0	0
Tirpitz 3	2 Nov 1943	8 Nov 1943	5	0	0	0
Tirpitz 4	2 Nov 1943	8 Nov 1943	4	0	0	1
Tirpitz 5	2 Nov 1943	8 Nov 1943	3	0	0	1
Eisenhart 1	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 2	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 3	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 4	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 5	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 6	9 Nov 1943	13 Nov 1943	1	0	0	0
Eisenhart 7	9 Nov 1943	15 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 8	9 Nov 1943	11 Nov 1943	4	0	0	0
Eisenhart 9	9 Nov 1943	11 Nov 1943	3	0	0	0
Eisenhart 10	9 Nov 1943	10 Nov 1943	1	0	0	0
Schill 1	16 Nov 1943	22 Nov 1943	8	1	0	1	Convoy MKS 30
Schill 2	17 Nov 1943	22 Nov 1943	9	0	0	1
Schill 3	18 Nov 1943	22 Nov 1943	9	0	0	0
Weddigen	22 Nov 1943	7 Dec 1943	17	0	0	4
Coronel	4 Dec 1943	8 Dec 1943	19	0	0	0
Coronel 1	8 Dec 1943	17 Dec 1943	19	0	0	0
Coronel 2	8 Dec 1943	17 Dec 1943	21	0	0	0
Coronel 3	14 Dec 1943	17 Dec 1943	9	0	0	0
Amrum	18 Dec 1943	23 Dec 1943	6	0	0	0
بوركوم زمرة ذئبية	18 Dec 1943	3 Jan 1944	17	2	0	1	Convoy OS 62
Föhr	18 Dec 1943	23 Dec 1943	6	0	0	0
Sylt	18 Dec 1943	23 Dec 1943	6	0	0	0
Rügen 1	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	8	1	1	0	Convoy ON 217
Rügen 2	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	6	0	0	1
Rügen 3	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	8	0	0	0
Rügen 4	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	9	0	0	0
Rügen 5	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	9	0	0	0
Rügen 6	23 Dec 1943	7 Jan 1944	11	0	0	0
Hela	28 Dec 1943	1 Jan 1944	4	0	0	0
Rügen 7	28 Dec 1943	2 Jan 1944	3	0	0	0
Isegrim	1 Jan 1944	27 Jan 1944	15	3	2	0	Convoy JW 56A
بوركوم زمرة ذئبية	3 Jan 1944	13 Jan 1944	3	1	0	0
بوركوم زمرة ذئبية	3 Jan 1944	13 Jan 1944	2	0	0	0
بوركوم زمرة ذئبية	3 Jan 1944	13 Jan 1944	3	0	0	1
Rügen	7 Jan 1944	26 Jan 1944	31	0	0	4
Hinein	26 Jan 1944	3 Feb 1944	8	0	0	2
Stürmer	26 Jan 1944	3 Feb 1944	13	0	0	0
Werwolf	27 Jan 1944	28 Feb 1944	21	2	0	1	Convoy JW 56B Convoy JW 57
Igel 1	3 Feb 1944	17 Feb 1944	15	1	0	3	Convoy UR-108
Igel 2	3 Feb 1944	17 Feb 1944	15	0	0	3
Hai 1	17 Feb 1944	22 Feb 1944	16	1	0	3	Convoy ON 224
Hai 2	17 Feb 1944	22 Feb 1944	3	0	0	0
Preussen	22 Feb 1944	22 Mar 1944	31	5	1	8	Convoy MKS-40 Convoy CU-16 Convoy SL 150 Convoy CU-17
Hartmut	23 Feb 1944	28 Feb 1944	4	0	0	0
Boreas	28 Feb 1944	10 Mar 1944	12	0	0	2
Orkan	5 Mar 1944	10 Mar 1944	4	0	0	1
Taifun	5 Mar 1944	10 Mar 1944	4	0	0	1
Hammer	10 Mar 1944	5 Apr 1944	5	0	0	1
Thor	10 Mar 1944	5 Apr 1944	6	0	0	0
Blitz	24 Mar 1944	5 Apr 1944	9	0	0	2
Donner	5 Apr 1944	20 Apr 1944	9	0	0	0
Keil	5 Apr 1944	20 Apr 1944	5	1	0	0
Donner Keil	20 Apr 1944	3 May 1944	14	1	0	2	Convoy RA 59
Trutz	3 May 1944	10 Jul 1944	26	0	0	1
Dragoner	21 May 1944	28 May 1944	6	0	0	0
Grimm	31 May 1944	6 Jun 1944	10	0	0	0
Greif	3 Aug 1944	26 Sep 1944	6	5	0	1	Convoy BD-5 Convoy VD-1
Trutz	17 Aug 1944	6 Sep 1944	7	3	0	3	Convoy JW 59
Dachs	31 Aug 1944	5 Sep 1944	6	0	0	0
Grimm	9 Sep 1944	2 Oct 1944	17	0	0	1
Feuer	17 Sep 1944	19 Sep 1944	4	0	0	0
Schwefel	22 Sep 1944	25 Sep 1944	3	0	0	0
Zorn	26 Sep 1944	2 Oct 1944	13	2	0	0	Convoy RA 60
Regenschirm	14 Oct 1944	16 Oct 1944	4	0	0	0
Panther	16 Oct 1944	10 Nov 1944	21	0	1	0	Convoy RA 61
Stier	21 Nov 1944	8 Jan 1945	18	7	1	2	Convoy KB 35 Convoy RA 62 Convoy KB 37 Convoy KP-24
Rasmus	6 Feb 1945	13 Feb 1945	8	0	0	0
Hagen	13 Mar 1945	21 Mar 1945	13	3	0	0	Convoy JW 65
Seewolf III	14 Apr 1945	1 May 1945	6	1	0	4	عملية دمعة
Faust	16 Apr 1945	1 May 1945	9	1	0	2	Convoy RA 66

ببليوغرافيا

• Edwards، Bernard (1996). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War. Cassell Military Classics. ص. 117, 119, 123–125. ISBN:0-304-35203-9. Edwards، Bernard (1996). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War. Cassell Military Classics. ص. 117, 119, 123–125. ISBN:0-304-35203-9. Edwards، Bernard (1996). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War. Cassell Military Classics. ص. 117, 119, 123–125. ISBN:0-304-35203-9.

المراجع

• "Wlb-stuttgart.de: Seekrieg register". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-08.