هجرة صرب سراييفو

هجرة صرب سراييفو (بالصربية: egzodus sarajevskih Srba; egzodus Srba iz Sarajeva) يشير إلى هجرة أصحاب العرق الصربي من سراييفو عاصمة البوسنة والهرسك بين يناير ومارس 1996 بعد اتفاقية دايتون التي أنهت حرب البوسنة والهرسك (1992-1995).^[1]

الخلفية

وحدات سكنية مدمرة في سراييفو، 1996.

كانت الهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو واحدة من العديد من هجرات الصرب خلال حرب البوسنة والهرسك.^[2] قبل هذا النزوح كان هناك هجرة جماعية أخرى لـ 17000 صربي من أوداك.^[3] كلاهما سبقه نزوح جماعي لأكثر من 250000 صربي من كرواتيا خلال عملية العاصفة التي شكلت سوابق للهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو.^[4] أفيد في 1 يناير 1996 أن «الشائعات والذعر الأعمى يتسببان في هروب جماعي من ضواحي المدينة المتنازع عليها».^[5]

الهجرة

أنهت اتفاقية دايتون ترسيم الحدود بين اتحاد البوسنة والهرسك وجمهورية صرب البوسنة وهما الكيانان في فترة ما بعد الحرب في البلاد. تم دمج إيلياش وفوغوشتشا وحاجيتشي وإليجا ورايلوفاتش وغربافيكا في اتحاد البوسنة والهرسك بينما أصبحت الأجزاء الطرفية الأخرى من بلدية سراييفو السابقة جزءا من جمهورية صرب البوسنة. غادرت الجالية الصربية على نطاق واسع منطقة اتحاد البوسنة والهرسك من سراييفو إلى جمهورية صرب البوسنة. تم الإبلاغ عن عددهم لأول مرة في عام 1996 على أنه 62000^[6] ولكن يقدر أن العدد الإجمالي كان 150000.^[4]

أكد البروفيسور الأسترالي دينو مورتيتش أن الهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو كانت ضخمة ومخططة وأن الرئيس البوسني علي عزت بيغوفيتش أظهر في البداية اللامبالاة حيال ذلك قائلا إن شعب سراييفو «يستحق أخيرا التحرر من قتلتهم».^[7] بعد مرور بعض الوقت دعا عزت بيغوفيتش الصرب للبقاء في سراييفو.^[8]

قام بعض الصرب باستخراج قبور أسلافهم من مقابر سراييفو إلى مقابر بالقرب من أماكن إقامتهم الجديدة.^[9]

المسئولية

يعتقد بعض الكتاب أن جميع الأطراف المعنية في البوسنة والهرسك كانت مسؤولة عن الهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو بما في ذلك مسؤولي جمهورية صرب البوسنة.^[10] بالنسبة لبعض المؤلفين كان من الصعب تحديد ما إذا كانت هذه الهجرة الجماعية طوعية أم قسرية.^[11] يشرح بعض المؤلفين أن التطهير العرقي للصرب من كرواتيا خلال عملية العاصفة (بدعم صامت من قبل القوى الكبرى مثل الولايات المتحدة وألمانيا) كان بمثابة سابقة لهجرة 150.000 من صرب سراييفو المرعبين الذين لم يشعروا بأن حكومة البوسنة والهرسك بقيادة المسلمين أو الخارج سيضمن العالم سلامتهم.^[12]

التغطية الإعلامية

ادعى المراقبون الغربيون أن الصرب استخدموا نبش جثث جماعي أثناء نزوحهم الجماعي من سراييفو لكسب نصر معنوي.^[13] جادل بيتر بروك أنه حتى بعد الهجرة الجماعية عام 1996 ما زالت وسائل الإعلام الغربية ترفض الاعتراف بهروب عشرات الآلاف من صرب سراييفو في بداية حرب البوسنة والهرسك في أوائل عام 1992.^[14] حتى قبل بدء الهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو كانت هناك هجرة جماعية أخرى لـ17000 صربي من أودزاك دون أن يلاحظها أحد على الملأ.

في نهاية المطاف أجبرت الهجرة الجماعية لصرب سراييفو الصحفيين الأجانب بمن فيهم توم جيلتن على إعادة النظر في حكمهم الأولي بشأن انسجام سراييفو.^[15]

مصادر

^ Bollens 2007، صفحة 97: "The Dayton Accord of December 1995 set off processes that unraveled efforts to create Sarajevo as a multicultural space.. In this "reunification of Sarajevo" there would be the transfer over a three-month period of the districts and suburbs.. home to about 60,000 Serbs.. Despite these international efforts, and whether by choice or force, what resulted was a mass exodus in early 1996 of some 62,000 Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs within the Federation."
^ FBIS 1996، صفحة 27: "The exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs is just one of many Serb exoduses during this war, but it is fatal for them. The Sarajevo Serbs are the most urban, educated, and largest ..."
^ FBIS 1996، صفحة 27: "Before the exodus of the Sarajevo Serbs, the exodus of almost 17,000 Serbs from Odzak and Vukosavlje passed unnoticed in the public."
^ ^ا ^ب Chakravartty 1999، صفحة 120: "The ethnic cleansing of the Krajina Serbs, quietly applauded by the governments of the United States and Germany, set precedents for the exodus of frightened Serbs from Sarajevo — once the beacon of Slavic and Islamic coexistence — after the Dayton accord signed December 14, 1995, in Paris. Neither the Muslim-led Bosnian Government nor the outside world, was able to offer the suburban Sarajevo Serbs — numbering approximately 150,000— convincing guarantees of safety."
^ Independent 1996.
^ McEvoy & O'Leary 2013، صفحة 345:"On the other hand, Dayton's ethnic circumscription of space after the war had detrimental effects on Sarajevo, catalyzing a mass exodus in early 1996 of some sixty-two thousand Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs and creating today's more monoethnic postwar city (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 1996)."
^ Murtic 2015، صفحة 164: "Some Serbian families even dug out and transported the remains of their ancestors from the graveyards. For them, life under the political domination of Bosniaks and/or Croats was out of question. The Izetbegovic government in Sarajevo showed indifference to this massive, planned exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs. Izetbegovic himself once said that the people of Sarajevo 'finally deserved to be free of their murderers' (Sell 1999, p. 183)."
^ Murtic 2015، صفحة 164: "Later, he called on all Serbs to stay."
^ Murtic 2015، صفحة 164
^ IWPR 1996: "All sides involved in Bosnia seem set to win from such a development. Bosnian Serb authorities, international mediators, and the Bosnian federal government have all cast their shadows over the transfer of control over the Sarajevo suburbs from Republika Srpska to the Bosnian federation. All, therefore, bear some responsibility for the resulting mass exodus of Sarajevo's Serb inhabitants"
^ Burg & Shoup 2015، صفحة 172: "The departure of the Sarajevo Serbs after Dayton and the exodus of Serbs from Krajina further illustrate the difficulty of distinguishing between coercion and voluntarism."
^ Council of Europe 1998، صفحة 553: "The Assembly regrets the delay in establishing the International Police Task Force. It considers that this has been a factor, among others, in the failure to persuade people of Serb origin to remain in the five districts of Sarajevo which have been transferred to the federation. It deplores the incidents of intimidation and violence which have occurred. The Assembly in particular deplores the fact that neither IFOR nor the International Police Task Force were prepared to stop the systematic looting and torching of the Serb suburbs of Sarajevo in March 1996, nor offer effective protection to those wishing to remain, resulting in the mass exodus of Serbs from the city."
^ Turton 2003، صفحة 1
^ Brock 2005، صفحة 286: "Years later, "enlightened Western" journalism still refused to acknowledge the flight of tens of thousands of Sarajevo's Serbs along with its entire Jewish community — both with palpable memories from World War II atrocities — on the eve of the recognition of Bosnian "independence" in early 1992. "
^ Brock 2005، صفحة 286: "Gjelten grudgingly conceded that "the Serb exodus" eventually forced foreign journalists "to reconsider their initial judgment" about Sarajevo's harmoniousness."

[1] Bollens 2007، صفحة 97: "The Dayton Accord of December 1995 set off processes that unraveled efforts to create Sarajevo as a multicultural space.. In this "reunification of Sarajevo" there would be the transfer over a three-month period of the districts and suburbs.. home to about 60,000 Serbs.. Despite these international efforts, and whether by choice or force, what resulted was a mass exodus in early 1996 of some 62,000 Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs within the Federation."

[2] FBIS 1996، صفحة 27: "The exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs is just one of many Serb exoduses during this war, but it is fatal for them. The Sarajevo Serbs are the most urban, educated, and largest ..."

[FBIS27b-3] FBIS 1996، صفحة 27: "Before the exodus of the Sarajevo Serbs, the exodus of almost 17,000 Serbs from Odzak and Vukosavlje passed unnoticed in the public."

[Chakravartty120b-4] ا ^ب Chakravartty 1999، صفحة 120: "The ethnic cleansing of the Krajina Serbs, quietly applauded by the governments of the United States and Germany, set precedents for the exodus of frightened Serbs from Sarajevo — once the beacon of Slavic and Islamic coexistence — after the Dayton accord signed December 14, 1995, in Paris. Neither the Muslim-led Bosnian Government nor the outside world, was able to offer the suburban Sarajevo Serbs — numbering approximately 150,000— convincing guarantees of safety."

[FOOTNOTEIndependent1996-5] Independent 1996.

[6] McEvoy & O'Leary 2013، صفحة 345:"On the other hand, Dayton's ethnic circumscription of space after the war had detrimental effects on Sarajevo, catalyzing a mass exodus in early 1996 of some sixty-two thousand Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs and creating today's more monoethnic postwar city (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 1996)."

[7] Murtic 2015، صفحة 164: "Some Serbian families even dug out and transported the remains of their ancestors from the graveyards. For them, life under the political domination of Bosniaks and/or Croats was out of question. The Izetbegovic government in Sarajevo showed indifference to this massive, planned exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs. Izetbegovic himself once said that the people of Sarajevo 'finally deserved to be free of their murderers' (Sell 1999, p. 183)."

[8] Murtic 2015، صفحة 164: "Later, he called on all Serbs to stay."

[9] Murtic 2015، صفحة 164

[10] IWPR 1996: "All sides involved in Bosnia seem set to win from such a development. Bosnian Serb authorities, international mediators, and the Bosnian federal government have all cast their shadows over the transfer of control over the Sarajevo suburbs from Republika Srpska to the Bosnian federation. All, therefore, bear some responsibility for the resulting mass exodus of Sarajevo's Serb inhabitants"

[11] Burg & Shoup 2015، صفحة 172: "The departure of the Sarajevo Serbs after Dayton and the exodus of Serbs from Krajina further illustrate the difficulty of distinguishing between coercion and voluntarism."

[12] Council of Europe 1998، صفحة 553: "The Assembly regrets the delay in establishing the International Police Task Force. It considers that this has been a factor, among others, in the failure to persuade people of Serb origin to remain in the five districts of Sarajevo which have been transferred to the federation. It deplores the incidents of intimidation and violence which have occurred. The Assembly in particular deplores the fact that neither IFOR nor the International Police Task Force were prepared to stop the systematic looting and torching of the Serb suburbs of Sarajevo in March 1996, nor offer effective protection to those wishing to remain, resulting in the mass exodus of Serbs from the city."

[13] Turton 2003، صفحة 1

[14] Brock 2005، صفحة 286: "Years later, "enlightened Western" journalism still refused to acknowledge the flight of tens of thousands of Sarajevo's Serbs along with its entire Jewish community — both with palpable memories from World War II atrocities — on the eve of the recognition of Bosnian "independence" in early 1992. "

[15] Brock 2005، صفحة 286: "Gjelten grudgingly conceded that "the Serb exodus" eventually forced foreign journalists "to reconsider their initial judgment" about Sarajevo's harmoniousness."

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