• المغرب عبر التاريخ (in ar), 1 edition, دار الرشاد, 1978, OCLC 4770532551, Wikidata Q125566732, page 61

Moulay Ismail's influence extended, either through military campaigns or spontaneously from the population, to Chinguetti and the borders of western Sudan, and beyond Niger, and reached Tlemcen and Chlef in his incursions into the central Maghreb, and he received delegations from the tribes of these open areas or those who had willingly pledged allegiance, especially the Arabs of the stronghold who They are linked to Moulay Ismail by a bond of brotherhood and son-in-law, and large groups of these tribes contributed to the regular national army and played a major role in making internal events. The Western Sahara was among the areas included in the pledge of allegiance to Moulay Ismail

For the borders of Mauritanian emirates:

• this map
• this document
• Ain Sefra and Laghouat tributaries are attested by many sources