مستخدم:Dr-Taher/قائمة أسوء حوادث التدافع

هذه قائمة بأسوء حوادث التدافع. العديد من هذه الحوادث مدرجة أيضًا في قائمة الحوادث والكوارث حسب عدد القتلى (قائمة الحوادث والكوارث حسب عدد القتلى). (غالبًا ما يساء استخدام مصطلح " التدافع stampede" في وسائل الإعلام الشعبية لأنه يشير تحديدًا إلى الهروب المذعور من الخطر. كانت معظم هذه الأحداث هي حوادث تزاحم ناجمة عن سوء إدارة الأحداث.). وقعت أسوأ حوادث التدافع في العصر الحديث في المملكة العربية السعودية خلال موسم الحج، حيث أودت حادثة نفق منى عام 1990 بحياة 1426 شخصًا، وتسبب تدافع منى 2015 في مقتل 2400 شخص.

القرن الثامن عشر

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف
245	11 أكتوبر 1711	تدافع على جسر Guillotière	فرنسا	ليون ، فرنسا	حوصر حشد كبير عائد من مهرجان على الجانب الآخر من نهر الرون أمام عائق في منتصف الجسر ناجم عن تصادم بين عربتين.
133	30 مايو 1770	بلا اسم	فرنسا	ميدان الكونكورد (الآن)، باريس	عندما اشتعلت النيران في عرض للألعاب النارية في احتفال بزفاف لويس السادس عشر وماري أنطوانيت ، مما أدى إلى اشتعال النيران في تماثيل الأزياء وغيرها من الزخارف، حيث مات الكثيرون دهسًا بينما غرق آخرون في نهر السين المجاور. قدّر بعض المؤرخين أن إجمالي عدد القتلى وصل إلى 3000.

القرن التاسع عشر

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف
27–34 +	23 فبراير 1807	1807 كارثة نيوجيت	المملكة المتحدة المملكة المتحدة	سجن نيوجيت، لندن	مات عشرات المتفرجين دهسًا، عندما اندفع جزء من حشد قوامه نحو 40 ألف متفرج كانوا يشاهدوا الإعدام بعد انهيار عربة خشبية.
110	12 فبراير 1823	مأساة الكرنفال عام 1823	مالطا	فاليتا	توفي حوالي 110 فتى دهسًا أثناء محاولتهم مغادرة دير مينوري أوسرفانتي خلال احتفالات الكرنفال.
65	19 فبراير 1849	كارثة المسرح الملكي	المملكة المتحدة	غلاسكو، اسكتلندا	حدث التدافع في المسرح الملكي ، في شارع دنلوب ، عندما هُرع الجمهور للهروب من المبنى بعد اندلاع حريق.
43	20 نوفمبر 1851	كارثة مدرسة وارد	الولايات المتحدة	مدينة نيويورك	اختنق الطلاب بعد انهيار درابزين الدرج أثناء فرارهم من حريق، مما تسبب في تكدسهم في أسفل الدرج.
20	16 يناير 1865	بدون اسم	المملكة المتحدة	دندي ، اسكتلندا	حدث دهس أثناء الدخول إلى قاعة شارع بيل. كان المدخل الرئيس لقاعة الموسيقى به درج لأسفل ومجموعة من بوابات الفتح الداخلية. عندما فُتحت البوابات ، دفعت قوة الحشد أولئك الموجودين في المقدمة إلى أسفل الدرج ، مما تسبب في تراكم أدى في النهاية إلى مقتل 20 شخصًا ، تراوحت أعمار ثلاثة أرباعهم بين 12 و18 عامًا.
19	10 أكتوبر 1872	بدون اسم	ألمانيا	أوستروو (الآن في بولندا )	قُتل 19 امرأة وطفلاً في حشد من الناس، بعد انهيار درج في كنيس خلال صيام يوم الغفران. أدى انطفاء إضاءة الغاز إلى إغراق شرفة كنيس يهودي (على ما يبدو معرض النساء) في الظلام ، مما تسبب في حالة من الذعر بين النساء.
278	5 ديسمبر 1876	حريق مسرح بروكلين	الولايات المتحدة	بروكلين ، نيويورك	أدى تكسُر سلالم صالة العرض والشرفة أثناء الحريق إلى تأخير إخلاء المبنى ، وهو عامل مساهم في ارتفاع عدد الوفيات.
12	30 مايو 1883	بدون اسم	الولايات المتحدة	مدينة نيويورك	أصيب العشرات بعد أن تعثرت امرأة على درج جسر بروكلين ، الذي كان مفتوحًا لمدة ثمانية أيام في ذلك الوقت. وتفاقم التدافع بسبب مخاوف من أن الجسر على وشك الانهيار.
183	16 يونيو 1883	كارثة صالة فيكتوريا	المملكة المتحدة	سندرلاند، إنجلترا	دُهس 183 طفلاً تتراوح أعمارهم بين 3 و14 عامًا عندما اندفع أكثر من 1100 طفل إلى أسفل درج مسدود لجمع الهدايا من الفنانين بعد نهاية أحد العروض.
40	14 أكتوبر 1883	بدون اسم	روسيا	زيونكا ، بودوليا (الآن في أوكرانيا )	تسببت طلقات نار كاذبة في صالة النساء في الكنيس في اندلاع زحام واندفاع الناس نحو المخرج.
183	5 سبتمبر 1887	مسرح إكستر رويال فاير	المملكة المتحدة	إكستر ، إنجلترا	حالات الوفاة بسبب عدم كفاية مخارج الهروب من الحريق.
1،389	18 مايو 1896	مأساة خودينكا	روسيا	حقل خودينكا، موسكو	دُهس الراغبون في الحصول على الهدايا أثناء تتويج القيصر نيكولاس الثاني - وجرح 1300 آخرين.

القرن العشرين

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف
115	19 سبتمبر 1902	حادثة كنيسة Shiloh Baptist Church	الولايات المتحدة	برمنغهام	حدث تدافع بعد انطلاق كاذب لجرس إنذار الحريق أثناء بوكر تي واشنطن.
602	30 ديسمبر 1903	حريق مسرح Iroquois	الولايات المتحدة	شيكاغو	حدثت أغلب الوفيات بسبب الاختناق أثناء محاولة الهرب.
16	11 يناير 1908	كارثة صالة Barnsley	المملكة المتحدة	بارنسلي	كان الطفال يحاولون مشاهدة عرض، وحدث تزاحم على الدرج بعدما اكتظت الصالة، وادى إلى وفاة 16 طفلًا.
175	4 مارس 1908	حريق مدرسة Collinwood		Collinwood، أوهايو	One rescue worker, two teachers, and 172 children between the ages of five and fifteen were killed. Most of the children were killed in a stairwell when some were trying to escape down the stairs while others, who had found escape impossible that way, were trying to flee up the stairs.
73	24 ديسمبر 1913	Italian Hall disaster	United States	Calumet, Michigan	The event is considered the source for the often-cited legal limit of protected speech, i.e., that one may not falsely shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.
60–70	11 مارس 1918	Bolivar crowd crush	France	, Paris	Following a bomb attack during World War I, Parisians tried to enter the Bolivar metro station, but the gates down the stairs only opened to the outside. The first rows of the crowd were crushed or suffocated by those behind them.
71	31 ديسمبر 1929	Glen Cinema disaster	United Kingdom	Paisley, Scotland	Caused by a smoking film canister. The resulting panic and crush initially killed 69 children and injured 40; two others later succumbed.
76	8 يناير 1934	Kyoto Railroad Station tragedy	Japan	Kyoto	A crowd of about 10,000 saying farewell to 750 recruits of the Imperial Japanese Navy collapsed at the bottom of a stairway from a viaduct leading over the tracks down to the platform. The number far exceeded the station's capacity.
461	5 يونيو 1941	Chongqing tunnel massacre	China	Chongqing	Thousands rushed to the Shiba Ti Tunnel bomb shelter during the Japanese Bombing of Chongqing in the Second Sino-Japanese War and were locked from the outside. Crowding and lack of oxygen caused a stampede to get out, crushing many.
354	23 أكتوبر 1942	Unnamed	Italy	Genoa	Crowd crush during an attack by the RAF Bomber Command in World War II as they made their way into Galleria delle Grazie, a railway tunnel used as an air-raid shelter. Rushing down the 150 steps leading underground into the shelter, people fell on top of one another.
173	3 مارس 1943	Bethnal Green tube station disaster	United Kingdom	London	People were entering the station during an air-raid alert during World War II, and a woman holding a child lost her footing and fell down the stairs, leading to the crowd falling around her in a crush.
168	6 يوليو 1944	Hartford circus fire	United States	Hartford, Connecticut	A fire broke out at a performance of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Many died after being trampled by other spectators, with some asphyxiating underneath the piles of people who fell over each other. Most of the dead were found in piles, some three bodies deep, at the most congested exits. A small number of people were found alive at the bottoms of these piles, protected by the bodies on top of them when the burning big top ultimately fell down.
33	9 مارس 1946	Burnden Park disaster	United Kingdom	Bolton, England	At an FA Cup Quarter-final between Bolton Wanderers and Stoke City, the collapse of two crash barriers in an overcrowded stand led to the crowd falling forward upon each other.
53	9 أبريل 1952	Santa Teresa Church tragedy	Venezuela	Caracas	Occurred when someone shouted "Fire!" in the Basilica of St. Teresa. 40 people were arrested in connection with the crush. Two men who were arrested on the day of the crush were released. The panic started when an elderly devotee brushed against the veil which was holding candles in the head, making a small fire that alarmed those responsible for the panic.
109	9 مارس 1953	Stalin funeral crush	Soviet Union	Moscow	A crush in Trubnaya Square during the state funeral of Joseph Stalin.
500–800	3 فبراير 1954	1954 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede	India	Allahabad	A surging crowd broke through the barriers separating them from a procession of sadhus and holy men of various akharas, resulting in a crush.
124	1 يناير 1956	Unnamed	Japan	Yahiko, Niigata	New Year panic and crush at the Yahiko Shinto shrine.
67	17 يونيو 1959	Busan Stadium crush	South Korea	Busan	Heavy rain forced spectators to rush towards the upper sections of the municipal stadium, leading to the crush.
31	26 يناير 1960	Seoul Station crush	South Korea	Seoul	Occurred two days before the Lunar New Year when many people were returning to their hometowns. About 3,900 people, more than three times the average crowd, flocked to the ticket gate, where 200 tickets were sold for a train with a capacity of 80 people.
328	24 مايو 1964	Estadio Nacional disaster	Peru	Lima	In the worst disaster in association football history, fans disputing a referee's decision during a match between Peru and Argentina began a pitch invasion and police fired tear gas canisters into one of the grandstands to prevent more fans from invading the field, causing panic so that departing spectators moved down the enclosed stairways, pressing those in the lead against solid corrugated steel shutters at the bottom of tunnels, which were closed. The shutters finally burst outward from pressure of the crush of bodies inside. All of those that died were killed in the jammed stairwells, most from internal haemorrhaging by crushing pressure, or by asphyxia. An additional 500 people were injured, many critically.
71	23 يونيو 1968	Puerta 12 Tragedy	Argentina	Buenos Aires	Fans were caught in a crush at the bottom of the stairs leaving through Gate 12 (Puerta 12 in Spanish) of El Monumental Stadium after a derby between River Plate and Boca Juniors. The exact cause for this crush is not certain, though rival fans might have been throwing burning paper, causing a panic. Other accounts say that the gate was closed, either by police or by other fans, intentionally or unintentionally. Still others argue that it was a simple matter of too many fans going through a gate that was narrower than the staircase leading to it. The disaster remains the deadliest sports-related event in Argentine history.
66	2 يناير 1971	1971 Ibrox disaster	United Kingdom	Glasgow	Stairway barriers collapsed after someone fell as fans were leaving the Ibrox Stadium following a match between Rangers and Celtic, leading to a crush. The tragedy included many children who died, and most of the deaths were caused by compressive asphyxia, with bodies being stacked up to six feet deep in the area. More than 200 others were injured.
11	3 ديسمبر 1979	The Who concert disaster	United States	Cincinnati, Ohio	Crush at a concert by The Who at the Riverfront Coliseum. The incident led to a reduced use of festival seating at U.S. venues.
7	9 يوليو 1980	Unnamed	Brazil	Fortaleza, Ceará	On the 10th day of Pope John Paul II's visit to Brazil, in an effort to get good seats, the crowd at the Castelao Stadium broke down an unguarded gate and trampled those killed in the rush.
21	8 فبراير 1981	Karaiskakis Stadium disaster	Greece	Piraeus	While some fans were exiting the stadium after a match between Olympiacos and AEK Athens, some lost their balance and fell on the last steps; soon dozens fell onto each other and were stepped over by a horde of unsuspecting fans who kept coming. 19 people died at the scene, while two more died of their wounds in hospital. At least 55 were wounded.
66	20 أكتوبر 1982	Luzhniki disaster	Soviet Union	Moscow	A crush began at a UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem at Luzhniki Stadium after a person fell and a dense moving crowd, their direction limited by metal banisters, pushed over the fallen, crushing them. Others stumbled over the bodies in a domino effect creating a large chain-reaction pile-up of people.
39	29 مايو 1985	Heysel Stadium disaster	Belgium	Brussels	A crush occurred by a collapsing wall when fans escaping a confrontation between competing fan groups were pressed against it in the stadium before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus. 600 were injured, and the disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".
28	26 ديسمبر 1987	Unnamed	China	Shanyang County, Shaanxi Province	At around 7 a.m., children rushed out of their classrooms at Chengguan Primary School after a bell called all pupils to attend a weekly school assembly on the sports field. One metal door at one end of the building was locked, causing the children from all 18 classes to rush down an unlighted stairwell to the only other exit, and some in the front fell over.
93	13 مارس 1988	Kathmandu Stadium disaster	Nepal	Kathmandu	Football fans at Dasarath Rangasala Stadium attending a Tribhuvan Challenge Shield match between Janakpur Cigarette Factory and Bangladeshi side Liberation Army surged towards the only cover during a hailstorm. The crowd was beaten back by police, but when they returned to the south terrace, a crush developed in a tunnel exit through the terrace and could not escape because the stadium doors were locked, causing a fatal crush at the front of the crowd. 100 more were injured.
2	20 أغسطس 1988	Unnamed	United Kingdom	Leicestershire, England	Fans died during a Guns N' Roses concert at a Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park where they were crushed to death after a 50-person crowd collapse following a surge, 15 yards from the stage. Rolling Stone reported the band members said they stopped playing several times to try to calm fans. Upon exiting the stage, Axl Rose shouted to fans to have a good day and "... don't kill yourselves," but was unaware of the deaths at the time. The head of concert security, present at the scene, wrote a presentation paper about the event for a seminar on mass crowd events.
97	15 أبريل 1989	كارثة هيلزبرة	United Kingdom	شفيلد	In one of the world's worst football disasters, 766 people others were injured at Hillsborough Stadium during an FA Cup match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. The intensity of the crush broke the barriers on the terraces, while those trapped were packed so tightly in the pens that many victims died of compressive asphyxia while still standing. The 1990 official inquiry concluded that the primary cause was the failure of police control, as too many people were let into the stadium. A 2012 reinvestigation concluded that crowd safety was compromised at every level by lack of police control.
8	6 يونيو 1989	وفاة وجنازة روح الله الخميني	إيران	طهران	Crush as millions flocked to the coffin of Ayatollah Khomeini as it was being moved through downtown Tehran, forcing the military to transport the body to Behesht-e Zahra cemetery using a helicopter.
1,426	2 يوليو 1990	حادثة منى 1990	السعودية	منى، مكة	A blockage at an exit of a pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat led to deaths by suffocation of many religious pilgrims while they were traveling to perform the Stoning of the Devil ritual during the Hajj.
40	13 يناير 1991	Orkney Stadium Disaster	جنوب إفريقيا	أوروكني	Crush at a football match between Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates attended by about 30,000 fans in a stadium with a capacity for 23,000. When brawls broke out, people panicked, and trying to escape, were crushed against riot-control fences in the melee.
3	24 يناير 1991	أيه سي/دي سي	United States	Salt Lake City	Crush at an AC/DC concert attended by 13,294 fans at the Salt Palace, with 4,400 of those had "festival style seating". Two 14-year-old boys and a 19-year-old woman were crushed to death as the crowd surged toward the stage as the band played "Thunderstruck".
42	13 فبراير 1991	Unnamed	Mexico	Chalma sanctuary, Mexico State	An additional 55 religious pilgrims were injured after being overwhelmed by a crowd trying to enter the atrium of the sanctuary church to receive the divine signal from the ashes. The crowd pushed on for access to the atrium, with most of the dead and injured being trampled.
105	24 سبتمبر 1991	1991 Taiyuan Illumination show crush	China	Jikong Bridge, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province	Large crowds of unknown size arrived in Yingze Park to see lanterns at a light festival. Crowds moving in opposite directions were crossing a poorly lit bridge. Some fell into the water and were drowned; others were killed in the crowd collapse and crush on the west side of the bridge. In all, 105 people were killed and 108 more were injured.
9	28 ديسمبر 1991	Unnamed	United States	New York City	At an oversold charity basketball game featuring rap stars, 29 others were injured while entering an overcrowded gymnasium while funneling through a small stairwell area at the City College of New York.
21	1 يناير 1993	Lan Kwai Fong Tragedy	Hong Kong	Lan Kwai Fong	67 others injured as a crowd of 15,000 to 20,000 revelers celebrated New Year's Eve in the city's nightclub district, controlled by 118 police officers. The victims were mostly teenagers and young people in their 20s. The Independent reported witnesses as saying it was impossible to distinguish between the yelps of the partying crowd and the victims' agonized screams.
270	23 مايو 1994	حادثة منى 1994	السعودية	جسر الجمرات، مكة	Hajj pilgrims were killed and injured during a crowd crush at the Stoning of the Devil ritual.
113	23 نوفمبر 1994	1994 Gowari stampede	India	Nagpur, Maharashtra	Gowari people in a political protest, mostly women and children, perished in a crush triggered by cane-wielding police who attempted to prevent the estimated crowd of 40,000 from pressing towards the Vidan Bhavan. 500 others were injured.
3	18 يوليو 1995	Arad Festival disaster		عراد	In a music festival a large crowd was pushed against a gate, causing it to collapse, killing two people instantly and injuring another who later died of her injuries.
83	16 أكتوبر 1996	16 October disaster	Guatemala	Guatemala City	147 others were injured on the steep stairway of Estadio Mateo Flores prior to a World Cup qualifying match between Guatemala and Costa Rica. The crowd was estimated at 50,000 in the stadium designed to seat 37,500.
118	9 أبريل 1998	Unnamed	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	Hajj pilgrims were trampled to death, 180 more injured in an incident on the Jamarat Bridge.
53	14 يناير 1999	1999 Sabarimala stampede	India	Sabarimala shrine, Kerala	When a landslide caused a cave-in during a Hindu pilgrimage on the day of Makara Jyothi, panic ensued and 200,000 male devotees panicked as the hill upon which they stood collapsed into the temple. The BBC reported that "Some of the dead were buried in the collapse, but most died in a stampede to avoid the landslide."
53	30 مايو 1999	Nyamiha stampede	Belarus	Minsk	A sudden thunderstorm caused a number of young people to race for nearby shelter during an open-air concert. The crowd was funneled toward the underpass of the Nyamiha metro station and many were killed when they started slipping on the wet pavement, falling and trampling each other.
6	4 ديسمبر 1999	"Air & Style" crowd crush	Austria	Innsbruck	"Severe crowd accumulation" at one exit of Bergisel Stadium went unnoticed. Darkness, a steep slope and a slippery surface were contributing factors, but "panic did not occur at any time." Four others were left in a vegetative state, and 38 were injured.

القرن الحادي والعشرين

عقد 2000

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف

عقد 2010

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف

عقد 2020

تقدير عدد الوفيات	التاريخ	الاسم	الدولة	المكان	الوصف

مراجع

[[تصنيف:تدافع البشر]] [[تصنيف:قوائم عن كوارث]]