ويكيبيديا

مستخدم:محمد 19951/ملعب2

British poster from World War I attacking German ("Hun") atrocities in Belgium

Background

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Pre-modern precedents

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English Civil War cartoon entitled "The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert" (1643)
 
Blatant election propaganda from the UK c.1890

[1][2]

 
"HIC OSCULA PEDIBUS PAPAE FIGUNTUR." "Kissing the Pope's feet." (1545). German peasants respond to a papal bull of Pope Paul III. From a series of woodcuts by Lucas Cranach commissioned by Martin Luther,[3] usually referred to as the Papstspotbilder or Papstspottbilder.[4] The accompanying caption reads: "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere." "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn away and show you our rears."[5]

[6]

[7]

19th century

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[8][9]

Abolitionism

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Northern propaganda in the American Civil War. Former slave Gordon showing keloid scars from whipping. This famous photo was distributed by abolitionists.[10]

[11]

[12]

[13][14]

[15][16]

First World War

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How Britain Prepared, 1915 film.

[17][18]

Germany

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[20][21][22]

Britain

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1914 "Lord Kitchener Wants You!" poster

[23]

[24][25][26]

[27]

[28][29][30][31][32]

United States

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[33]

[34]

Russian revolution

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  •  
    Meeting Germans in No Man's Land (1917)
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    Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (1917)
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    Bolshevik propaganda train, 1923.
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    ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" propaganda aircraft in the Moscow sky.

Post-war

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[35][36]

[35]

[37]

Nazi Germany

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[38][39][40]

[41]

«"I will provide a propagandistic casus belli. Its credibility doesn't matter. The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth."[42][43]»

[42][43][44]

Nuremberg Laws

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[45][46][47]

Political opponents

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[48][49]

France in the 1930s

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[50]

Second World War

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[51][52]

[53]

Cold War propaganda

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A 1988 East German communist poster showing the increase of timber production from 7 million cubic metres in 1970 to 11 million in 1990
 
Soldier loads a "leaflet bomb" during the Korean War.

[54][55]

[56]

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[58]

[59]

Vietnam war

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[60]

[61]

Yugoslav wars

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[62]

[63][64]

[65][66][67][68]

[69][70]

Propaganda films

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[71]

.[72]

World War I

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Interwar period

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A baby in a carriage falling down the Potemkin Stairs in the iconic scene of The Battleship Potemkin

[71].[73]

[74]

[71]

World War II

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The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace. From Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl
 
Charlie Chaplin in the film The Great Dictator
Occupied-Dutch newsreel by Polygoon-Profilti featuring people swimming (1941)

[75][76][71]

[77][78][79]

[80][81]

[82][83]

[84]

Cold War

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[85]

[86][87]

[88]

[89]

Post-9/11

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[90][91]

[92][93]

Food, health, and beyond

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[94]

Food

[80][95][96][97]

[98][98]

Health

[99][100][101][101][102][103][101]

Other

[99][99][99][99]

21st century

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Forms

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Fake news

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[104][105][106]

Workplace

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[107]

Nations

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China

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Revolutionary opera with a scene from the Red Detachment of Women.

[108][109][110][111][112]

[110][110][113]

[114]

[114]

[114]

[115]

Mexico

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[116][117]

North Korea

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North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities.

[118]

United States

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A poster circa 2000 concerning cannabis in the United States.

[119][120][121][122][123][124]

[125][126][127]

[128][129]

Russia

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[130][131]

[132]

[133] [134]

[135][136]

Vietnam

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Contemporary wars

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Afghan War

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Iraq War

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[137]

Iraqi propaganda

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[138][139][138][140][140]

[141][141][139]

US propaganda in Iraq

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US PSYOP pamphlet disseminated in Iraq. The pamphlet says: "This is your future, Al-Zarqawi", and shows Al-Qaeda fighter Al-Zarqawi caught in a rat trap.

[139]

[139][142][142]

[139][143]

[144][145]

Propaganda aimed at US citizens

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[146][147]

,[148][149][148]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Nagle، D. Brendan؛ Stanley M Burstein (2009). The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History. Pearson Education. ص. 133. ISBN:978-0-205-69187-6.
  2. ^ Boesche, Roger. "Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (pp. 9–38), January 2003.
  3. ^ Edwards، Mark U., Jr. Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
  4. ^ Oberman، Heiko Augustinus. The Impact of the Reformation: Essays.
  5. ^ Edwards، Mark U., Jr. Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531-46.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء متعددة: قائمة المؤلفين (link)
  6. ^ Mark U. Edwards, Printing Propaganda and Martin Luther 15; Louise W. Holborn, "Printing and the Growth of a Protestant Movement in Germany from 1517 to 1524", Church History, 11, no. 2 (1942), 123.
  7. ^ Russ Castronovo, Propaganda 1776: Secrets, Leaks, and Revolutionary Communications in Early America (2014) excerpt
  8. ^ Beckman، Karen Redrobe (2003). Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism. Duke University Press. ص. 31–33. ISBN:0822330741.
  9. ^ Beckman، Karen Redrobe (2003). Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism. Duke University Press. ص. 33–34. ISBN:0822330741.
  10. ^ Kathleen Collins, "The Scourged Back," History of Photography 9 (January 1985): 43–45.
  11. ^ Kenneth M. Stampp (1980). The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ص. 85.
  12. ^ David W. Blight (1991). Frederick Douglass' Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. LSU Press. ص. 86–87.
  13. ^ Karen Halttunen, "Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture," American Historical Review (1995) 100#2 pp. 303–334 quote at p. 321 in JSTOR
  14. ^ Andrea Major (2012). Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India: 1772–1843. Liverpool University Press. ص. 270.
  15. ^ Daina Ramey Berry؛ Deleso A. Alford (2012). Enslaved Women in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ص. 4.
  16. ^ Patrick C. Kennicott, "Black Persuaders in the Antislavery Movement," Journal of Black Studies (1970) 1#1 pp 5–20.
  17. ^ Winter, Jay M. "Propaganda and the Mobilization of Consent." in Winter, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War (2014) pp: 216+
  18. ^ Pearl James, ed., Picture this: World War I posters and visual culture (U of Nebraska Press, 2009)
  19. ^ Rainer Pöppinghege, "Deutsche Auslandspropaganda 1914-1918: Die ‘Gazette Des Ardennes’ Und Ihr Chefredakteur Fritz H. Schnitzer" ["German foreign propaganda, 1914-18: the 'Gazette des Ardennes' and its editor-in-chief, Fritz H. Schnitzer"]. Francia: Part 3 19./20. Jahrhundert (2004) 31#3 pp 49-64.
  20. ^ P. Chalmers Mitchell, Report on the Propaganda Library (British Ministry of information, 1917) reprinted in W. Henry Cook and Edith P Stickney, eds, Readings in European International Relations since 1879 (1931) pp 558-561.
  21. ^ David Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914-1918: the sins of omission (2000).
  22. ^ Richard Pipes (2011). The Russian Revolution. ص. 411.
  23. ^ "The Battle for the Mind: German and British Propaganda in the First World War". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-12-17.
  24. ^ Sanders 1982، صفحة 143
  25. ^ Ibidem, Messinger 1992
  26. ^ Sanders 1975، صفحات 129–130
  27. ^ Sanders 1975، صفحات 134–135
  28. ^ Wilson 1979، صفحة 369
  29. ^ Laurence V. Moyer, Victory Must Be Ours: Germany in the Great War 1914-1918, p 96 (ردمك 0-7818-0370-5)
  30. ^ Laurence V. Moyer, Victory Must Be Ours: Germany in the Great War 1914-1918, p 97 (ردمك 0-7818-0370-5)
  31. ^ Haste 1977، صفحات 93–95;Knightley 1995، صفحة 86; Sanders 1982، صفحة 143
  32. ^ Welch 2003، صفحات 123–124
  33. ^ Rogers, E.M. (1994). A history of communication study: A biographical approach. New York, NY: The Free Press.
  34. ^ p. 22, Alex Carey, Taking the Risk Out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty, University of Illinois Press, 1997.
  35. ^ ا ب "PR! A Social History Of Spin -Chapter 1". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-06.
  36. ^ Bernays, Edward. Propaganda (1928)
  37. ^ "Conspiracy Or Groundswell?", in Ken Coghill and McPhee Gribble (eds.), The New Right's Australian Fantasy, Penguin Books 1987, pp. 3–19.
  38. ^ Peter H. Merkl (2010). German Unification in the European Context. Penn State Press. ص. 35. ISBN:978-0-271-04409-5.
  39. ^ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999
  40. ^ Erica Carter (2004). Dietrich's ghosts: the sublime and the beautiful in Third Reich film. British Film Institute. ص. 164. ISBN:978-0-85170-882-9.
  41. ^ "German newspaper editor outlining the claims of Polish atrocities against minorities". Nizkor.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-02-09.
  42. ^ ا ب Roy Godson؛ James J. Wirtz (2011). Strategic Denial and Deception: The Twenty-First Century Challenge. Transaction Publishers. ص. 100. ISBN:978-1-4128-3520-6.
  43. ^ ا ب Lightbody، Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. Taylor & Francis. ص. 39. ISBN:978-0-203-64458-4.
  44. ^ Manvell، Roger؛ Fraenkel، Heinrich (2007). Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo. Greenhill Books. ص. 76. ISBN:978-1-60239-178-9.
  45. ^ "What were the Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany? - eNotes". eNotes.
  46. ^ "Exhibitions at The Breman - The Breman Museum". www.thebreman.org.
  47. ^ Yitzhak Arad (1 يناير 1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. ص. 1. ISBN:978-0-253-21305-1.
  48. ^ "Holocaust-history.org". www.holocaust-history.org.
  49. ^ "Holocaust Timeline: The Camps". fcit.usf.edu.
  50. ^ Anthony Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery: France’s Bid for Power in Europe 1914-1940 (1995) pp 175-92.
  51. ^ Nicholas John Cull, Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American "Neutrality" in World War II (1995)
  52. ^ Susan A. Brewer, To Win the Peace: British Propaganda in the United States During World War II (1997)
  53. ^ Stanley Newcourt-Nowodworski, Black Propaganda in the Second World War (2005) excerpt and text search
  54. ^ "Records". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2005-12-04.
  55. ^ "Reports". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2005-12-04.
  56. ^ Death of the department that never was from The Guardian, January 27, 1978
  57. ^ Frances Stonor Saunders (12 يوليو 1999). "How the CIA plotted against us". New Statesman. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-12-21.
  58. ^ "The cartoon that came in from the cold". the Guardian. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-06.
  59. ^ prudentiapolitica. "Prudentia Politica". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-06.
  60. ^ "Vietnamese propaganda reflections from 1945–2000" (PDF).
  61. ^ Toại, Đoàn Văn (29 مارس 1981). "A Lament For Vietnam". New York Times Magazine. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-03.
  62. ^ "Serbian Propaganda: A Closer Look". 12 أبريل 1999. NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or over-emphasised by Western propaganda.
    Also, and we quote from the report, "information programs are designed to present the illegitimacy of a NATO aggression on Yugoslavia, the unanimity of the Serbian people in resisting the enemy and Serbian invincibility. All three aims are wrapped in a nationalistic code, `most powerful Western nations, killers, death disseminators, fascists, dictators, criminals, villains, bandits, vandals, barbarians, gangsters, vampires, cowards, perverts, lunatics, scum and trash who want to destroy the small but honorable, dignified, freedom-loving Serbian nation.
  63. ^ "ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin verdict - 1. Joint Criminal Enterprise".
  64. ^ "ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin verdict — C. The implementation of the Strategic Plan in the Bosnian Krajina".
  65. ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict — A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - b) The municipality of Busovača".
  66. ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict — A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - c) The municipality of Kiseljak".
  67. ^ "ICTY: Kordić and Čerkez verdict — IV. Attacks on towns and villages: killings - 2. The Conflict in Gornji Vakuf".
  68. ^ "ICTY: Naletilić and Martinović verdict — Mostar attack".
  69. ^ "Slobodna Dalmacija: 28.12". www.hsp1861.hr.
  70. ^ "2001/10/05 12:12 Izlog izdavačkog smeća". 5 أكتوبر 2001. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-03-06.
  71. ^ ا ب ج د Stern, Frank. "Screening Politics: Cinema and Intervention" (PDF). Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-02-03.
  72. ^ Cristian Tudor Popescu, Filmul surd în România mută: politică și propagandă în filmul românesc de ficțiune, Polirom, Iași, 2012
  73. ^ Taylor, Richard. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1979. 92-94, 101.
  74. ^ Koppes, Clayton, and Gregory Black. Hollywood Goes to War. New York: The Free Press, 1987. 67
  75. ^ Shelton، Dinah L. "Film as Propaganda". Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. eNotes.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-09-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-09-21. {{استشهاد ويب}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |deadurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  76. ^ Taylor, Richard. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1979. 190-191.
  77. ^ Culbert, David. Verbatim Testimony. 1945. New York, Washington.
  78. ^ Thompson, Kristin, and David Bordwell. Film History: An Introduction. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 313.
  79. ^ "Casablanca". Digital History. 2006. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-05-17.
  80. ^ ا ب Food Will Win The War, Disney’s World War II Propaganda Film, Chris Durso, Foodiggity, 19 December 2011 (Retrieved 3 February 2012)
  81. ^ "What Hitler Wants". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-20.
  82. ^ Koppes, Clayton, and Black Gregory. Hollywood Goes to War. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
  83. ^ Combs, James. Film Propaganda and American Politics. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. p.54
  84. ^ Rhodes, Anthony. Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1976. p. 214, 219
  85. ^ Judith Devlin, and Christoph H Muller, eds., War of Words: Culture and the Mass Media in the Making of the Cold War in Europe (2013)
  86. ^ Cohen, Karl (9 نوفمبر 2011). "The cartoon that came in from the cold".. The entire movie is available through the Internet Movie Database at Animal Farm (1954).
  87. ^ Timothy Barney, "'Gulag'--Slavery, Inc.': The Power of Place and the Rhetorical Life of a Cold War Map," Rhetoric & Public Affairs (2013) 16#2 pp 317-353
  88. ^ Miller, John J. (27 نوفمبر 2011). "The Best Conservative Movies".
  89. ^ Pickowicz, Paul. "Revisiting Cold War Propaganda: Close Readings of Chinese and American Film Representations of the Korean War." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 17.4 (2010): 352.
  90. ^ Dean، Jeremy. "9 Propaganda Techniques in Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11". PsyBlog. Jeremy Dean. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-09-29.
  91. ^ MIchalski، Milena (2007). War, Image and Legitimacy. New York: Routledge. ص. 99. ISBN:978-0-415-40101-2.
  92. ^ Rogan, Hanna. "Abu Reuter and the E-Jihad: Virtual Battlefronts from Iraq to the Horn of Africa" (PDF). Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. ص. 89. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-11-05.
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  94. ^ Critical Analysis Part 1: Food, Inc., Jen James, WRH 315: Propaganda and You, 23 April 2010 (Retrieved 4 February 2012)
  95. ^ Food for Fighters, Prelinger Archives at Archive.org (Retrieved 4 February 2012)
  96. ^ Good Eating Habits, Prelinger Archives at Archive.org (Retrieved 4 February 2012)
  97. ^ Miracles From Agriculture, Prelinger Archives at Archive.org (Retrieved 4 February 2012)
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  99. ^ ا ب ج د ه The Five Most Misleading Propaganda Films from the 40’s, 50’s and 60’s, Daniel Murphy, Esquire Blog, 7 November 2011 (Retrieved 4 February 2012)
  100. ^ Lockheed Aircraft Corporation في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام على الإنترنت
  101. ^ ا ب ج Medical Propaganda Films, Wallace Sampson, Science-Based Medicine, 2 April 2009 (Retrieved 3 February 2012)
  102. ^ Anti-vaccine propaganda lands in New York City this weekend, David Gorski, Respectful Insolence (ScienceBlogs), 18 November 2011 (Retrieved 3 February 2012)
  103. ^ Stanislaw Burzynski: Bad medicine, a bad movie, and bad P.R., David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine, 28 November 2011 (Retrieved 6 February 2012)
  104. ^ Weisburd, Andrew؛ Watts, Clint (6 أغسطس 2016)، "Trolls for Trump - How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)"، The Daily Beast، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-24
  105. ^ LaCapria، Kim (2 نوفمبر 2016)، "Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side."، Snopes.com، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-19
  106. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (11 أكتوبر 2016)، "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda"، Deutsche Welle، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-24
  107. ^ McNamara، Adam. "BULL: A new form of propaganda in the digital age". Data Not Propaganda. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-08-05.
  108. ^ Brady، Anne-Marie (2006). "Guiding Hand: The Role of the CCP Central Propaganda Department in the Current Era". Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. ج. 1 ع. 3: 58–77.
  109. ^ Shambaugh، David (يناير 2007). "China's Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy". China Journal ع. 57: 25–58.
  110. ^ ا ب ج Mitter، Rana (2003). Nicholas J. Cull؛ David Colbert؛ David Welch (المحررون). Entry on "China" in Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-ClIO. ص. 73–77.
  111. ^ Kingsley Edney (2014), The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda: International Power and Domestic Political Cohesion, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 22, 195.
  112. ^ Translations from John DeFrancis, ed. (2003), ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, p. 1087.
  113. ^ Kurlantzick، Joshua؛ Perry Link (2009). "China's Modern Authoritarianism". Wall Street Journal.
  114. ^ ا ب ج Brady، Anne-Marie (2008). Marketing dictatorship: propaganda and thought work in contemporary China. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 1.
  115. ^ Hennock, Mary. "Bad Press: The Uighur riots in western China are teaching the government how to spin", 7 July 2009
  116. ^ O'Connor، Mike (5 نوفمبر 2010). "Analysis: A PR department for Mexico's narcos". GlobalPost. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-28.
  117. ^ Beckhart، Sarah (21 فبراير 2011). "The Narco Generation". AL DÍA. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars's Mexico Institute. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-28.
  118. ^ "Nuclear Nightmare: Understanding North Korea". Documentary Addict.
  119. ^ National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988 of the Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988, قانون عام. 100–690, 102 Stat. 4181, enacted نوفمبر 18, 1988
  120. ^ Gamboa، Anthony H. (4 يناير 2005)، B-303495, Office of National Drug Control Policy — Video News Release (PDF)، Government Accountability Office، footnote 6, page 3
  121. ^ Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998 (Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999), قانون عام. 105–277 (text) (PDF), 112 Stat. 268, enacted أكتوبر 21, 1998
  122. ^ Gamboa، Anthony H. (4 يناير 2005)، B-303495, Office of National Drug Control Policy — Video News Release (PDF)، Government Accountability Office، ص. 9–10
  123. ^ Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998 of the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999, قانون عام. 105–277 (text) (PDF), 112 Stat. 268, enacted أكتوبر 21, 1998
  124. ^ Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006, قانون عام. 109–469 (text) (PDF), 120 Stat. 3501, enacted ديسمبر 29, 2006, codified at العنوان 21 من كود الولايات المتحدة المادة 1708
  125. ^ Barstow، David (20 أبريل 2008). "Message Machine: Behind Analysts, the Pentagon's Hidden Hand". New York Times.
  126. ^ Sessions، David (20 أبريل 2008). "Onward T.V. Soldiers: The New York Times exposes a multi-armed Pentagon message machine". Slate.
  127. ^ Barstow، David (24 مايو 2008). "2 Inquiries Set on Pentagon Publicity Effort". New York Times.
  128. ^ Rampton، Sheldon (17 أكتوبر 2007). "Shared Values Revisited". Center for Media and Democracy.
  129. ^ "U.S. Reaches Out to Muslim World with Shared Values Initiative". America.gov. 16 يناير 2003. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-10-18. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |deadurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)</
  130. ^ Alexander T.J. Lennon؛ Amanda Kozlowski (2008). Global Powers in the 21st Century: Strategies and Relations. MIT Press. ص. 177–78.
  131. ^ "Putin's on-air Army", TIME 16 March, 2015, pages 44-51
  132. ^ Julia Ioffe, "What Is Russia Today? A Kremlin propaganda outlet has an identity crisis," Columbia Journalism Review (2010) 49#3 pp 44-49 online
  133. ^ Julie A. Cassiday, and Emily D. Johnson. "Putin, Putiniana and the question of a post-Soviet cult of personality." Slavonic and East European Review (2010): 681-707. in JSTOR
  134. ^ Cameron Ross (2004). Russian Politics Under Putin. Manchester UP. ص. 26.
  135. ^ Joel Ostrow (2012). Politics In Russia: A Reader. CQ Press. ص. 470–71.
  136. ^ Miguel Vázquez Liñán, "History as a propaganda tool in Putin's Russia," Communist and Post-Communist Studies
  137. ^ Altheide, David L. "War and Mass Mediated Evidence." Cultural Studies — Critical Methodologies 9 (2009): 14–22.
  138. ^ ا ب Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 23–32.
  139. ^ ا ب ج د ه Schleifer, Ron. "Reconstructing Iraq: Winning the Propaganda War in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly (2005): 15–24.
  140. ^ ا ب Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 24
  141. ^ ا ب Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 26
  142. ^ ا ب Shah، Anup (1 أغسطس 2007). "Iraq War Media Reporting, Journalism and Propaganda". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-05-12.
  143. ^ Goldstein, Sol. "A Strategic Failure: American Information Control Policy in Occupied Iraq." Military Review 88.2 (Mar. 2008): 58–65.
  144. ^ Baldor، Lolita C. (30 نوفمبر 2005). "U.S. Military Unclear on 'Planted' Stories". Associated Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2006-06-30. {{استشهاد بخبر}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |deadurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  145. ^ Baldor، Lolita C. (2 ديسمبر 2005). "Pentagon describes Iraq propaganda plan". Associated Press. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2005-12-05.
  146. ^ Thrall, A. Trevor. "A Review of: "Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq, by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq, by Paul Rutherford Selling Intervention & War: The Presidency, the..." Political Communication 24.2 (Apr. 2007): 202–207.
  147. ^ Dan Froomkin, "The Ostrich Approach" Washington Post May 25, 2005
  148. ^ ا ب O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas. "Weapons of Mass Seduction: Propaganda, Media and the Iraq War." Journal of Political Marketing 3.4 (2004): 79–104. America: History & Life.
  149. ^ John, Sue Lockett, et al. "Going Public, Crisis after Crisis: The Bush Administration and the Press from September 11 to Saddam." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 10.2 (Summer2007 2007): 195–219.

Further reading

عدل
  • Bernays, Edward. "Propaganda". (1928)
  • Bytwerk، Randall L. (2004). Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN:0-87013-710-7.
  • Cole, Robert. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics (1996)
  • Cole, Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Propaganda (3 vol 1998)
  • Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion (6th ed. Sage Publications, 2014). A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda. excerpt and text search
  • Kennedy, Greg, and Christopher Tuck, eds. British Propaganda and Wars of Empire: Influencing Friend and Foe 1900-2010 (2014) excerpt and text search
  • Le Bon, Gustave, The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind (1895)
  • MacArthur, John R.. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. New York: Hill and Wang. (1992)
  • O'Donnell، Victoria؛ Jowett، Garth S. (2005). Propaganda and Persuasion. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN:1-4129-0897-3.
  • Le Bon، Gustave (1895). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. ISBN:0-14-004531-7.
  • Nelson، Richard Alan (1996). A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN:0-313-29261-2.
  • Young، Emma (10 أكتوبر 2001). "Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan". New Scientist. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-05.
  • Taylor, Philip M. British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh University Press, 1999)
  • Thomson, Oliver. Mass Persuasion in History. An Historical Analysis of the Development of Propaganda Techniques (Edinburgh, Paul Harris Publishing, 1977)
  • U.S, Army (31 أغسطس 1979). "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques". Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.

World wars

عدل
  • Bergmeier, Horst JP, and Rainer E. Lotz. Hitler's airwaves: the inside story of Nazi radio broadcasting and propaganda (1997).
  • Carruth, Joseph. "World War I Propaganda and Its Effects in Arkansas." Arkansas Historical Quarterly (1997): 385-398. in JSTOR
  • Cornwall, Mark. "News, Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria‐Hungary, 1914–1918." History 77#249 (1992): 50-64.
  • Creel, George. "Propaganda and Morale" American Journal of Sociology (1941) 47#3 pp. 340–351 in JSTOR, Analysis by the head of American propaganda in the First World War
  • Doob, Leonard W. "Goebbels' principles of propaganda." Public Opinion Quarterly (1950) 14#3 pp: 419-442. in JSTOR
  • Green, Leanne. "Advertising war: Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity." Media, War & Conflict 7.3 (2014): 309-325.
  • Gullace, Nicoletta F. "Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies, and the Politics of War Guilt." History Compass (2011) 9#9 pp: 686-700.
  • Haste, Cate. Keep the home fires burning: Propaganda in the First World War (Lane, Allen, 1977)
  • Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Harvard University Press, 2009)
  • Honey, Maureen. Creating Rosie the Riveter: class, gender, and propaganda during World War II (1984)
  • Horne, John, and Alan Kramer. "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries," Journal of Modern History (1994) 66#1 pp: 1-33 in JSTOR
  • Johnson, Niel M. George Sylvester Viereck, German-American Propagandist (University of Illinois Press, 1972), in World War I
  • Kingsbury, Celia Malone. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front (University of Nebraska Press; 2010; 308 pages). Describes propaganda directed toward the homes of the American homefront in everything from cookbooks and popular magazines to children's toys.
  • Lasswell, Harold D.. Propaganda Technique in World War I. (1927)
  • Linebarger، Paul M. A. (1948). Psychological Warfare. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. ISBN:0-405-04755-X.
  • Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "Studies of World War Propaganda, 1914-33." Journal of Modern History (1933) 5#4 pp: 496-516. in JSTOR
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. "Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War" Journal of Contemporary History 13#3 (1978), pp. 467-498. online; also in JSTOR
  • Monger, David. Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain: The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale (2013) online edition
  • Morris, Kate. British Techniques of Public Relations and Propaganda for Mobilizing East and Central Africa During World War II (Edwin Mellen Press, 2000)
  • Paddock, Troy. A Call to Arms: Propaganda, Public Opinion, and Newspapers in the Great War (2004)
  • Paddock, Troy. World War I and propaganda (Brill, 2014).
  • Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for war: The campaign against American neutrality, 1914-1917 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1939), On the operations of private organizations
  • Rhodes, Anthony. Propaganda: the art of persuasion, World War II (1987)
  • Sanders, Michael, and Philip M. Taylor, eds. British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914-1918 (1983)
  • Shirer، William L. (1942). Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941. New York: Albert A. Knopf., A primary source
  • Squires, James Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917 (Harvard University Press, 1935)
  • Thompson, J. Lee. Politicians, the Press, & Propaganda: Lord Northcliffe & the Great War, 1914-1919 (Kent State University Press, 1999), On Britain
  • Welch, David. Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918 (2000).

Visual propaganda

عدل
  • Aulich, James. War Posters: Weapons of Mass Communication (2011)
  • Bird, William L. and Harry R. Rubenstein. Design for Victory: World War II Poster on the American Home Front (1998)
  • Darman, Peter. Posters of World War II: Allied and Axis Propaganda 1939 - 1945 (2011)
  • Moore, Colin. Propaganda Prints: A History of Art in the Service of Social and Political Change (2011) excerpt and text search
  • Slocombe, Richard. British Posters of the Second World War (2014)
عدل

قالب:EB1922 Poster

General information

عدل

قالب:Film genres قالب:Filmsbygenre قالب:Propaganda قالب:Media manipulation تصنيف:مقالات تحتوي على مقاطع فيديو

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