مستخدم:محمد الصيفي/ملعب
| محمد الصيفي/ملعب | |
|---|---|
 The ruins of Lixus
| |
| الموقع | Larache, Larache Province, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco |
| إحداثيات | 35°12′00″N 06°06′40″W / 35.20000°N 6.11111°W |
| النوع | Settlement |
| بُني | 12th century BC |
تعديل مصدري - تعديل  | |
Lixus (Canaanite: 𐤋𐤊𐤔 lkš or 𐤌𐤒𐤅𐤌 𐤔𐤌𐤔) is the site of an ancient city built by the Phoenicians in Morocco and inhabited later by the Romans and Berbers,[1]'[2]'[3]'[4]'[5] It was part of a chain of Canaanite towns along the Atlantic coast of modern Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah (called Sala Colonia by the Romans)[6] just north of the modern seaport of Larache on the bank of the Loukkos River. The location was one of the main cities of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana.[7]
Geography
عدلAncient Lixus is located on Tchemmich Hill on the right bank of the Loukkos River (other names: Oued Loukous; Locus River). It lies just to the north of the modern seaport of Larache.[8] The site lies within the urban perimeter of Larache, and about three kilometres inland from the mouth of the river and the Atlantic ocean. From its 80 metres above the plain the site dominates the marshes through which the river flows. To the north, Lixus is surrounded by hills which themselves are bordered to the north and east by a forest of cork oaks.
Among the ruins are Roman baths, temples, 4th-century walls, a mosaic floor, a Christian church and the intricate and confusing remains of the Capitol Hill.[9]
History
عدلLegends
عدلSome ancient Greek writers located at Lixus the mythological garden of the Hesperides, the keepers of the golden apples. The name of the city was often mentioned by writers from Hanno the Navigator to the Geographer of Ravenna, and confirmed by the legend on its coins and by an inscription. The ancients believed Lixus to be the site of the Garden of the Hesperides and of a sanctuary of Hercules, where Hercules gathered gold apples, more ancient than the one at Cadiz, Spain. However, there are no grounds for the claim that Lixus was founded at the end of the second millennium BC.
Canaanites
عدلLixus was first settled by the Canaanites in the 12th century BC and was later controlled directly from Carthage.[10]'[11]'[12]'[13]'[14] It was part of a chain of Canaanite towns along the Atlantic coast of modern Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah (called Sala Colonia by the Romans)[15], Anfa and Mogador. When Carthage's empire fell to Rome during the Punic Wars, Lixus, Chellah, and Mogador became outposts of the province of Mauretania Tingitana
Roman Empire
عدلLixus flourished during the Roman Empire, mainly when the emperor Claudius (AD 41-54) established the province of Africa with full rights for the citizens. Lixus was one of the few Roman cities in Berber Africa that enjoyed an amphitheater. In the third century, Lixus became nearly fully Christian and there are even now the ruins of a Paleochristian church overlooking the archaeological area.[16]
Destruction
عدلThe Islamic conquest of the Maghreb destroyed the Roman city. Some Berber life was maintained for about a century after the Islamic conquest of North Africa, attested by the presence of a mosque and a house with a patio with walls covered with painted stucco.
Archaeological work
عدلThe site was excavated continuously from 1948 to 1969.[17] In the 1960s, Lixus was restored and consolidated. In 1989, following an international conference which brought together many scientists, specialists, historians and archaeologists of the Mediterranean around the history and archaeology of Lixus, the site was partly enclosed. Work was undertaken to study the Roman mosaics of the site, which constitute a very rich unit. Lixus was on a surface of approximately 75 هكتار (190 أكر). The excavated zones constitute approximately 20% of the total surface of the site.
World Heritage Status
عدلThis site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 1, 1995 in the Cultural category.
See also
عدلReferences
عدلCitations
عدل- ^ Moscati, Sabatino (2001). The Phoenicians (بالإنجليزية). I.B.Tauris. p. 200. ISBN:9781850435334.
- ^ Palma, Salvatore Di (18 Nov 2014). L'Histoire des marques depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au moyen âge (بالفرنسية). Société des Ecrivains. p. 139. ISBN:9782342031201.
- ^ Jouhaud, Edmond Jules René (1968). Historie de lA̕frique du Nord (بالفرنسية). Éditions des Deux Cogs dÓr. p. 22.
- ^ Camps, Gabriel (9 Oct 2015). L'Afrique du Nord au féminin (بالفرنسية). Perrin (réédition numérique FeniXX). p. 45. ISBN:9782262057435.
- ^ Temporini, Hildegard (26 Sep 2016). Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Allgemeines; Britannien, Hispanien, Gallien) (بالفرنسية). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 664. ISBN:9783110882070.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Chellah, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
- ^ Rachid Mueden (2010). "Las colonias y municipios de la Mauritania Tingitana" (PDF). Adrastea.urg.es. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-28.
- ^ Prehistoria de España: Trabajos dedicados al IV Congreso Internacional, Santiago Alcobé y Noguer
- ^ "Sites Antiques". Miniculture.gov.ma (بالفرنسية). Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ Moscati, Sabatino (2001). The Phoenicians (بالإنجليزية). I.B.Tauris. p. 200. ISBN:9781850435334.
- ^ Palma, Salvatore Di (18 Nov 2014). L'Histoire des marques depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au moyen âge (بالفرنسية). Société des Ecrivains. p. 139. ISBN:9782342031201.
- ^ Jouhaud, Edmond Jules René (1968). Historie de lA̕frique du Nord (بالفرنسية). Éditions des Deux Cogs dÓr. p. 22.
- ^ Camps, Gabriel (9 Oct 2015). L'Afrique du Nord au féminin (بالفرنسية). Perrin (réédition numérique FeniXX). p. 45. ISBN:9782262057435.
- ^ Temporini, Hildegard (26 Sep 2016). Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Allgemeines; Britannien, Hispanien, Gallien) (بالفرنسية). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 664. ISBN:9783110882070.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Chellah, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
- ^ "Lonely Roman ruins". Lexicorient.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-28.
- ^ The Phoenicians, by Sabatino Moscati
Bibliography
عدل- Ghaki، Mansour (2015)، "Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique" (PDF)، La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi، Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi، Naples: Unior، ج. No. 4، ص. 65–71، ISBN:978-88-6719-125-3، ISSN:2283-5636
{{استشهاد}}:|volume=يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة). (بالفرنسية) - Mora Serrano، Bartolomé (2011)، "Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins"، Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa، London: British Museum، ص. 21–32.
External links
عدل
قالب:Former cities in Morocco قالب:Phoenician cities and colonies قالب:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa