ويكيبيديا

مساعدة:أصد للغة الغيلية الاسكتلندية

(بالتحويل من مساعدة:IPA for Scottish Gaelic)

القوائم أدناه تشرح الطريقة التي حددتها الألفبائية صوتية دولية لنطق الحروف والكلمات في اللغة الغيلية الاسكتلندية القديمة في مقالات ويكيبيديا.

الحروف الصامتة
Broad[1] Slender[2]
IPA Examples IPA Examples
‎f‏[3] fad, fead, pholl, pheann
‎ɣ‏ dhà, deireadh, ghaol, dragh ‎ʝ‏ dh'iarr, dh'innis, gheall, ghin
‎h‏[3] thonn, thig, shùil, sheòl
‎j‏ eala, beò, theàrn, iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidh
‎k‏ gaol, beagan, caileag, amharc ‎kʲ‏ gille, fairrge, thig, chunnaic
‎kʰ‏[4] còta ‎kʲʰ‏[4] cìr
‎l̪ˠ‏ làmh, balla, geal ‎l‏ mo leaba, cliathaich, baile, fuil
‎ʎ‏ leaba, slige, gille
‎m‏[3] mac, mic, lampa, ìm
‎n̪ˠ‏ nàire, snàmh, clann ‎ɲ‏ nighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròin
‎n‏ mo nàire, anail, bean
‎ŋ‏ long ‎ŋʲ‏ aingeal
‎p‏[3] ball, nàbuidh, abair, corp
‎pʰ‏[3][4] peann, poll
‎r‏ rud, riochd, oirre, orra
‎ɾ‏ dà rud, mo riochd, crann, fear ‎ɾʲ‏ cridhe, fir
‎s̪‏ solas, speal, sgialachd ‎ʃ‏ seòl, stiùir, slighe, snìomh
‎t̪‏ dall, fada, ad, falt ‎tʲ‏ dìleas, maide, thèid, fuilt
‎t̪ʰ‏[4] tana ‎tʲʰ‏[4] tìr
‎v‏[3] bhean, sàibh, mhàthair, deimhinn, làmh
‎x‏ chòta, balach ‎ç‏ chì, balaich
Monophthongs
Short Long
IPA Examples IPA Examples
‎a‏ mac, glaine ‎aː‏ làmh, àite, gearr
‎e‏ teth, fead, cheil ‎eː‏ glè, chèile, beud
‎ɛ‏ fear, each ‎ɛː‏ cnàimh, sèimh
‎i‏ mise, fios ‎iː‏ ìseal, pìobaire, cinn
‎o‏ tobar, bodhar ‎oː‏ bò, còig
‎ɔ‏ cnoc, sgoil, deoch ‎ɔː‏ bròn, mòine, ceòl, corr
‎u‏ ugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuch ‎uː‏ cùl, sùil, diombach, tiurr, cunntas
‎ɯ‏ duine, uisge ‎ɯː‏ craobh, aois
‎ɤ‏ dragh, coire ‎ɤː‏ fadhlach
‎ə‏ fada, baile
Diphthongs
IPA Examples
‎ai‏ claidheamh, chaill, cainnt
‎au‏ amharc, abhainn, ball, gann
‎ɛu‏ seall, theann, dream
‎ia‏ Niall, pian, feur, beul, fìon
‎iə‏ fiacail, iasg, ceud, deug, sìos
‎ɔu‏ toll, tonn, com
‎ua‏ uamhasach, suaineadh, uaine
‎uə‏ fuar, uair, buaidh
‎ɯi‏ chraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinn
‎ɤi‏ maighdean, greim, coibhneil, oighre, coilltean, broinn
Other symbols used in transcription of Scottish Gaelic pronunciation
IPA Explanation
‎ˈ‏ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) for example uinneag ‎[ˈɯɲak]‏

Varying IPA conventions

عدل

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly the systems used in Celtic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, this indicates that the source uses the same symbol as above.

Borgstrøm (1937)[5]
(Barra) 		Borgstrøm (1940)[6]
(Outer Hebrides) 		Oftedal (1956)[7]
(Lewis) 		Ó Murchú (1989)[8]
(East Perthshire) 		Cox (2002)[9]
(Lewis) 		Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10]
(over-regional) 		Black (2006)[11]
(over-regional) 		Klevenhaus (2009)[12]
Bauer (2011)[13]
(both over-regional)
ç ç ç′ ç x′ ç ç ç ç
ʝ j j′ ǰ ɣ′ ʝ j j ʝ
k g̊, k g̬, k g ɡ g g g[14], k[15] g
kʲ g̊′, k′ g̬′, k′ ǵ ɡ′ g̭' gʲ gʲ, kʲ gʲ
kʰ kʽ kʽ k k k k k k
kʲʰ k′ʽ k′ʽ ḱ k′ k′ kʲ kʲ kʲ
l̪ˠ L L L ɬ L ɫ̪ L L
ʎ L′ L′ L′ — L′ ʎ Lʲ Lʲ
l l′ l′ l l l l l l
n̪ˠ N N N — N ᵰ̪ N N
ɲ N′ N′ N′ — N′ ɲ Nʲ Nʲ
p b̥, p b̬, p b b b b b, p b
pʰ pʽ pʽ p p p p p p
rˠ R R, Ṛ R — R ᵲ R R
ɾ r r r r r r r r
ɾʲ r′ r′, ð′ ð — ð rʲ rʲ rʲ
s̪ s s s s s s s s
ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ š ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ
t̪ d̥, t d̬, t d d d d̪ d, t d
tʲ d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ d′ ǰ d′ dʲ dʲ, tʲ dʲ
t̪ʰ tʽ tʽ t t t t̪ t t
tʲʰ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ t′ č t′ tʲ tʲ tʲ
ɯ ʎ ʎ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ʎ ɯ
ɤ ø ø ə ɤ ɤ ɤ ə ɤ
ɛ ɛ, æ ɛ, æ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
a a a a ɑ a a a a

المصادر

عدل
  1. ^ Scottish Gaelic makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹‎ˠ‏›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the ‎/l/‏ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, and in all positions in Scottish English. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
  2. ^ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹‎ʲ‏›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. ^ ا ب ج د ه و Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide ‎/j/‏.
  4. ^ ا ب ج د ه In initial position, the aspirated stops ‎/kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/‏ are postaspirated ‎[kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]‏. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated ‎[ʰk, ʰkʲ, ʰp, ʰt̪, ʰtʲ]‏.
  5. ^ Borgstrøm، Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. ج. 8: 71–242.
  6. ^ Borgstrøm، Carl Hjalmar (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  7. ^ Oftedal، Magne (1956). The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
  8. ^ Ó Murchú، Máirtín (1989). East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN:0-901282-93-6.
  9. ^ Cox، Richard A. V. (2002). The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN:1-85500-192-6.
  10. ^ Ó Maolalaigh، Roibeard (2008). Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN:978-1-84158-643-4.
  11. ^ Black، Ronald (2006). Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. ISBN:0906981336.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان بدون ناشر (link)
  12. ^ Klevenhaus، Michael (2009). Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. ISBN:978-3-87548-520-2.
  13. ^ Bauer، Michael (2011). Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. ISBN:978-1907165009.
  14. ^ Word-initially
  15. ^ Medially or final
مجلوبة من «https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=مساعدة:أصد_للغة_الغيلية_الاسكتلندية&oldid=67372891»