كنثار

الكنثار هو ينبوع ماء يستخدمه المسيحيون للوضوء قبل دخول الكنيسة.^[1]^[2]^[3] وتشمل طقوس الوضوء غسل كل من اليدين والوجه والقدمين.^[1]^[2]^[3] في زمن ترتليان، أحد آباء الكنيسة الأوائل، كان من المُعتاد أن يغسل المسيحيون أيديهم (باللاتينيَّة: manulavium، نقحرة: مانولافيوم) ووجههم (باللاتينيَّة: capitilavium، نقحرة: كابيتيلافيوم) وأقدامهم (باللاتينيَّة: pedilavium، نقحرة: بيدلافيوم) قبل الصلاة أو الدخول إلى الكنيسة، وكذلك قبل تلقي القربان.^[4] وهكذا بُنيت الكنائس منذ عهد قسطنطين العظيم مع ردهة تضم نافورة الكَنثار حيث يغسل المسيحيون أيديهم ووجوههم وأقدامهم قبل دخول الكنيسة.^[4] ممارسة الوضوء قبل الصلاة والعبادة في المسيحية ترمز إلى «الانفصال عن خطايا الروح والاستسلام للرب» وفقاً لتعاليم الكنيسة.^[4] سجلّ المؤرخ الكنسي يوسابيوس القيصري هذه الممارسة للكَنثار الواقعة في باحات الكنائس، حيث يغتسل المؤمنون قبل دخولهم دار العبادة المسيحية.^[1]

تعود أصول هذه الممارسة إلى الممارسة اليهودية للوضوء قبل الدخول في حضرة الله المذكورة في سفر الخروج، حيث كان على هارون وأبناؤه أن يغتسلوا قبل الاقتراب من المذبح. وهنا يتم استخدام الماء كرمز للطهارة والكفارة.^[2]^[3] على الرغم من أن الكَنثار لم تعد منتشرة في الكنائس المسيحية الغربية، إلا أنها موجودة في الكنائس المسيحية الشرقية والمشرقيَّة،^[1]^[2]^[3] في العديد من الكنائس الأرثوذكسية اليوم، يخلع المصلون أحذيتهم ويغسلون أقدامهم قبل دخول الكنيسة كما يفعل المسلمون قبل دخول المسجد.^[2]

الكَنثار هو ينبوع يستخدمه المسيحيون للوضوء قبل دخول الكنيسة.^[2]^[3] وتشمل طقوس الوضوء غسل كل من اليدين والوجه والقدمين.^[2]^[3] ويقع الكَنثار تقليدياً في الجزء الخارجي من الكنيسة.^[3]^[4] ويجب أن تكون المياه المنبعثة من الكَنثار مياهًا جارية.^[5] وكانت هذه الممارسة جزءًا من حياة الكنيسة الأولى، لدرجة أنه في الفترة التي تلت قسطنطين، أصبحت «الكَنثار»، أو نافورة المياه، عنصرًا أساسيًا إلى مجاز الكنيسة للسماح للمؤمنين بتطهير أنفسهم قبل الدخول في «محضر الله» بحسب المعتقدات المسيحيَّة.^[2]^[3]

مراجع

^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د Bingham, Joseph (1840). The antiquities of the Christian Church (بالإنجليزية). W. Straker. p. 396. In the middle of which stood a Fountain for washing as they entered into the Church, called Cantharus and Phiala in some authors. It is further to be noted, that in the middle of the atrium, there was commonly a fountain, or a cistern of water, for people to wash their hands and face, before they went into the church.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح يان برادلي (2 Nov 2012). Water: A Spiritual History (بالإنجليزية). دار بلومزبري. ISBN:978-1-4411-6767-5. It was probably out of the Jewish rite that the practice developed among early Christians, especially in the east, of washing their hands and feet before going into church. Early Christian basilicas had a fountain for ablutions, known as cantharus or phiala, and usally placed in the centre of the atrium. They are still found in some Eastern Orthodox churches, notably at the monastery of Laura at Mount Athos, where the phiala is an imposing struture in front of the entrance covered by a dome resting on eight pillars. In several Orthodox churches today worshippers take off heir shoes and wash their feet before entering the church just as Muslims do before going into a mosque.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح Soloviĭ, Meletiĭ M. (1970). Eastern Liturgical Theology: General Introduction (بالإنجليزية). Ukrainian Catholic Religion and Culture Society of Etobicoke (Toronto) and Ukrainian Catholic Youth of Canada. p. 68. In the Book of Exodus (30, 18-20) Aaron and his sons were required to wash before approaching the altar. Here water is used as a symbol of purification and expiation. But water is also the most common and most indispensable drink. ... So much was the practice a part of the life of the early Church, that in the period after Constantine the "cantharus", or water fountain, became a standard fixture in the courtyard before the basilica to permit the faithful to purify themselves before entering the presence of God.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د Ferguson, Everett (8 Oct 2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition (بالإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 6. ISBN:978-1-136-61158-2.
^ Lowrie, Walter (1901). Christian Art and Archæology: Being a Handbook to the Monuments of the Early Church (بالإنجليزية). Macmillan Publishers. p. 179. In the middle of this court there was as a rule a fountain of running water (the cantharus) for the symbolical purification of those who ere about to enter the church.

انظر أيضًا

[Bingham1849-1] ا ^ب ^ج ^د Bingham, Joseph (1840). The antiquities of the Christian Church (بالإنجليزية). W. Straker. p. 396. In the middle of which stood a Fountain for washing as they entered into the Church, called Cantharus and Phiala in some authors. It is further to be noted, that in the middle of the atrium, there was commonly a fountain, or a cistern of water, for people to wash their hands and face, before they went into the church.

[Bradley2012-2] ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح يان برادلي (2 Nov 2012). Water: A Spiritual History (بالإنجليزية). دار بلومزبري. ISBN:978-1-4411-6767-5. It was probably out of the Jewish rite that the practice developed among early Christians, especially in the east, of washing their hands and feet before going into church. Early Christian basilicas had a fountain for ablutions, known as cantharus or phiala, and usally placed in the centre of the atrium. They are still found in some Eastern Orthodox churches, notably at the monastery of Laura at Mount Athos, where the phiala is an imposing struture in front of the entrance covered by a dome resting on eight pillars. In several Orthodox churches today worshippers take off heir shoes and wash their feet before entering the church just as Muslims do before going into a mosque.

[Soloviĭ68-3] ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح Soloviĭ, Meletiĭ M. (1970). Eastern Liturgical Theology: General Introduction (بالإنجليزية). Ukrainian Catholic Religion and Culture Society of Etobicoke (Toronto) and Ukrainian Catholic Youth of Canada. p. 68. In the Book of Exodus (30, 18-20) Aaron and his sons were required to wash before approaching the altar. Here water is used as a symbol of purification and expiation. But water is also the most common and most indispensable drink. ... So much was the practice a part of the life of the early Church, that in the period after Constantine the "cantharus", or water fountain, became a standard fixture in the courtyard before the basilica to permit the faithful to purify themselves before entering the presence of God.

[Ferguson2013-4] ا ^ب ^ج ^د Ferguson, Everett (8 Oct 2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition (بالإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 6. ISBN:978-1-136-61158-2.

[Lowrie1901-5] Lowrie, Walter (1901). Christian Art and Archæology: Being a Handbook to the Monuments of the Early Church (بالإنجليزية). Macmillan Publishers. p. 179. In the middle of this court there was as a rule a fountain of running water (the cantharus) for the symbolical purification of those who ere about to enter the church.

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