ويكيبيديا

قالب:قائمة القوى العظمى عبر التاريخ

1815 1878 1900 1919 1939 1945 2000
 النمسا[1][2][3]  الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية[4]  الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية[5]
 الإمبراطورية البريطانية[1][2][3]  الإمبراطورية البريطانية[4]  الإمبراطورية البريطانية[5]  الإمبراطورية البريطانية[6]  المملكة المتحدة[nb 1][7]  المملكة المتحدة[1][8][9]  المملكة المتحدة[10][11][8][1][12][13][14][15][16][17]
 الصين[1][8]  الصين[1][8][11][15][18][19]
 فرنسا[1][2][3]  فرنسا[4]  فرنسا[5]  فرنسا[6]  فرنسا[7]  فرنسا[1][8]  فرنسا[10][1][8][11][12][13][15]
 بروسيا[1][2][3]  ألمانيا[4]  ألمانيا[5]  ألمانيا[7]  ألمانيا[10][1][11][12][13][15]
 إيطاليا[20][21][22][23]  إيطاليا[5]  إيطاليا[6]  إيطاليا[7]
 اليابان[5]  اليابان[6][nb 2]  اليابان[7]  اليابان[1][11][18][24][12][15]
 روسيا[1][2][3]  روسيا[4]  روسيا[5]  الاتحاد السوفيتي[7]  الاتحاد السوفيتي[1][8][9]  روسيا[1][8][11][18][12][13][15]
 الولايات المتحدة[5]  الولايات المتحدة[6]  الولايات المتحدة[7]  الولايات المتحدة[1][8][9]  الولايات المتحدة[10][1][8][11][25][12][13][15]

الملاحظات المرفقة مع القالب

  1. ^ بعد النظام الأساسي وستمنستر دخلت حيز التنفيذ في عام 1931، والمملكة المتحدة لم تعد تمثل الإمبراطورية البريطانية في الشؤون العالمية.
  2. ^ "The رئيس وزراء كندا (during the معاهدة فرساي) said that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from MacMillan، Margaret (2003). Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War. United States of America: Random House Trade. ص. 306. ISBN:0-375-76052-0.

المراجع المرفقة مع القالب

  1. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي يا يب يج يد يه يو يز Peter Howard, B.A., B.S., M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, School of International Service, American University. (2008). "Great Powers". Encarta. MSN. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-10-31. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-12-20. {{استشهاد بموسوعة}}: الوسيط غير المعروف |deadurl= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  2. ^ ا ب ج د ه Fueter، Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. ص. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN:1584770775.
  3. ^ ا ب ج د ه Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
  4. ^ ا ب ج د ه McCarthy، Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. ص. 475–476.
  5. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح Dallin، David. The Rise of Russia in Asia.
  6. ^ ا ب ج د ه MacMillan، Margaret (2003). Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War. United States of America: Random House Trade. ص. 36, 306, 431. ISBN:0-375-76052-0.
  7. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي Louden، Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. ص. 187. ISBN:0195321375.
  9. ^ ا ب ج The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
  10. ^ ا ب ج د Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 17 يناير 2005. ص. 85. ISBN:0773528369. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-06-13. ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
  11. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز T. V. Paul؛ James J. Wirtz؛ Michel Fortmann (2005). Balance of Power. United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005. ص. 59, 282. ISBN:0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
  12. ^ ا ب ج د ه و Sterio، Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ص. xii (preface). ISBN:0415668182. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-06-13. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
  13. ^ ا ب ج د ه Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ص. 224. ISBN:1107471494. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-06-13. (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
  14. ^ McCourt، David (28 مايو 2014). Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. ISBN:0472072218.
  15. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز Baron، Joshua (22 يناير 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN:1137299487.
  16. ^ Chalmers، Malcolm (مايو 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR". Royal United Services Institute. Briefing Paper ع. SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead: 2. While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
  17. ^ Walker، William (22 سبتمبر 2015). "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom". International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy. ج. 57 ع. 5: 7–28. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-12-31. Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach.
  18. ^ ا ب ج UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
  19. ^ Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly[وصلة مكسورة]
  20. ^ Kennedy، Paul (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. United States of America: Random House. ص. 204. ISBN:0-394-54674-1.
  21. ^ Best، Antony؛ Hanhimäki، Jussi؛ Maiolo، Joseph؛ Schulze، Kirsten (2008). International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. United States of America: Routledge. ص. 9. ISBN:0415438969.
  22. ^ Wight، Martin (2002). Power Politics. United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group. ص. 46. ISBN:0826461743.
  23. ^ Waltz، Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Education. ص. 162. ISBN:0-07-554852-6.
  24. ^ Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
  25. ^ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-02-28.
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